The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 12

Failing Like Dimmesdale Did Maybe Puritans were simply dumber than modern people, but I cannot believe how long it took those seventeenth-century Bostonians to figure out that their spiritual leader knocked up the local hussy. I had the mystery solved in chapter eight, when Hester turns to Dimmesdale and says, â€Å"Speak thou for me!† I know we were assigned Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter back in high school, and if I had known the book was filled with so much sex and espionage, I might have read it when I was sixteen. God, I can't wait to ask Nikki if she hypes up the racy stuff in her class, because I know teenagers would actually read the book if she did. I didn't care much for Dimmesdale, because he had such a great woman and he denied himself a life with her. Now, I understand that it would not have been easy for him to explain how he knocked up another man's teenage wife, especially since he was a man of the cloth, but if there's one theme Hawthorne hammers home, it's that time heals all wounds, which Dimmesdale learns, but too late. Plus, I'm thinking God would have wanted Pearl to have had a father, and probably counted Dimmesdale's disregard for his daughter as a greater sin than having sex with another man's wife. Now, I sympathize with Chillingworth – a lot. I mean, he sends his young bride over to the New World, trying to give her a better life, and she ends up pregnant by another man, which is the ultimate slap in the face, right? But he was so old and nasty and really had no business marrying a young girl anyway. When he began to psychologically torture Dimmesdale, giving him all those strange roots and herbs, Chillingworth reminded me of Dr. Timbers and his staff. I realized then that Chillingworth was not ever going to practice being kind, so I gave up hope for him. But I absolutely loved Hester, because she believed in silver linings. Even when that nasty throng of bearded men in hats and fat women were against her, saying she should be branded on the forehead even, she stuck to her guns and sewed and helped people when she could and tried her best to raise her daughter – even when Pearl proved to be somewhat of a demonic child. Even though Hester did not get to be with Dimmesdale in the end – which is a flaw, if you ask me – I felt like she lived a fulfilled life and got to see her daughter grow up and marry well, which was kind of nice. But I did realize that no one really appreciated Hester for who she was until it was too late. When she needed help most, she was abandoned – and only when she offered help to others was she beloved. This sort of suggests that it is important to appreciate the good women in your life before it is too late, which is a pretty good message to give high school kids. I wish my high school teacher had taught me that lesson, because I certainly would have treated Nikki differently when we were first married. Then again, maybe this is the sort of thing you have to learn by living your life – failing like Dimmesdale did, and I guess like I did too. That scene when Dimmesdale and Hester finally stand together in town for the first time made me wish apart time was over already so I could stand with Nikki in some public place and apologize for being such a jerk in the past. Then I would tell her my thoughts about Hawthorne's classic, which would make her happy for sure. God, she is going to be so impressed that I actually read a book written in old-fashioned English.

Orthodox Christianity Essay

For centuries, the two major Christian sects of Orthodox Christianity and Roman Catholicism have been a center of comparison because of the resemblance in both religions’ beliefs and practices. But in my recent visit to the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Miami, I have discovered the stark contrasts to what popular notions hold. Particularly, what befell upon me was a revelation that Orthodox Catholicism differs from Roman Catholicism and other conventional Christian churches as far as relevant doctrines, laws, standards for morality, organizational leadership, church services, and religious ceremonies are concerned. While Orthodox Christianity is generally being compared as similar to Roman Catholicism, its basic and complex theologies both concur to and diverge from that of the Roman Catholic faith. Orthodox Christians generally regard their religious system as a direct continuance of Christ’s ministry; they believe that their very sect is part of a long continuing tradition, otherwise called the Holy Tradition, which started during the first century and remained pure and intact despite the drastic changes that occurred across the world over the centuries (Ware 7-8). Orthodox Christian belief likewise holds that the Bible is the life giving tome of the church because it contains and uncovers the will of God, reveals the relationship between God and the early Israelites, narrates the events that happened during the ministry of Jesus, as well as Christ’s foundation of the first church (Ware 194-196). Apart from the sacred readable contents of the Bible, Christian Orthodoxy also considers it as the sole living witness to the centuries old tradition the sect continues to practice. And with blessing from the early church leaders with guidance from the Holy Spirit, the books of the Bible were expressed as the apostles’ way of handing down the tradition from one generation to another. Christian Orthodoxy merits the Nicene Creed with the highest of regard and considers it as a basis of its beliefs (Ware 202). As such, in its belief in the nature of God, Orthodox Christianity employs a Trinitarian concept or one God with three different personas: The Father, The Son, and The Holy Spirit. The Orthodox doctrine furthers that God is an omnipotent being that constitutes no physical form, and is therefore a transcendent being (Ware 210-211). A Distinct Orthodox Catholic belief is in the concept that man is an image and likeness of God. This belief is stressed in extreme senses that Orthodox Christianity’s adherents consider humankind’s resemblance to God as a means of carrying the icon of God within the self (Benz 18). Because of the central idea that man is the image and likeness of God, Orthodox Catholicism’s notion of the original sin differs from most Christian traditions in such a way that the sin committed by Adam and Eve is not morally and spiritually inherited by humans. Instead, original sin is the separation from God’s grace and acquisition of physical and spiritual mortality (Benz 19). And humankind’s separation from God is an action out of free will, particularly when Adam and Eve chose to listen to the serpent’s word and their give in to their urge. Furthermore, Christian Orthodox belief suggests that the fall of man stained all of God’s creation with sin, and corruption while implying that Adam and Eve’s eviction from paradise is God’s way of avoiding man’s sin, wickedness, and corruption from lasting endlessly (Ware 218-219). The Orthodox Christians’ general concept of sin and corruption meanwhile is milder than any other Christian sect or any other religious system for that matter. Sin, as Orthodox Christian doctrine holds, encompasses a contamination, deformation, and infliction of damage on God’s image. However despite sin’s vile nature and humanity’s vulnerability to it, man remains as noble beings because of the simple fact that humans are created in the image of God (Benz 19). As much as the beliefs and practices have renewed my perspective of Orthodox Catholicism, the church service I became part of was a very overwhelming experience. I thought my religion was already rich in traditions and customs, but what I saw and experienced in the ceremony brought my knowledge of Orthodox Christianity to new heights as I have seen and distinguished the difference of the ceremony from conventional Christian sects. Before going to the church, I thought to myself that it is simply going to be a typical service in a Christian place of worship similar to the ones documented in Christian television networks. However, set my eyes on the church, the distinctive style of the structure surprised me as I have observed a slight difference in the church’s architecture. I expected the church to have a dome-shaped top which is a recognizable design of most Christian churches. Except for the cross on the tip of the church’s roof, the external appearance of the church resembles a mosque. The color scheme, the golden plates on the roof all appear to me as elements of Islamic design. As I entered the church, I have received a warm welcome from the church’s senior warden Gary Popovich. He mentioned that every part of the cathedral was a sanctuary for everyone, even to non-orthodox Christians. As Mr. Popovich gave me a mini tour of the church, the interiors further made me notice the distinction of Orthodox Church structures from that of most Roman Catholic structures. While both churches are known to have long, wide aisles leading to the altar, Cathedral of Christ the Savior’s hallway leading to the altar was a little compact despite the conventionality of its length. However, the lobby area of the church, or the narthex as it is properly called, was similar to lobbies of other churches in such a way that it has a board which posts announcements of the church’s activities for the week. Mr. Popovich however added that apart from the usual acknowledging of guests, the narthex is also significant in that tables are set up there during Easter to bless food that would be taken home by adherents after days of fasting and abstinence in the Lenten season. And in days of divine service and obligation, candles and offerings are sold in the narthex. As I was to be part of the Eastern Orthodox Communion for a day, Mr. Popovich toured me to the inner areas of the church. We then proceeded to the main area of the church, which, Mr. Popovich regarded as the nave. This area is where the people stay during divine services, and is thus considered sacred ground. Along the walls and the ceiling of the nave of the cathedral, I noticed numerous portraits of individuals considered holy by Orthodox Catholics including a large portrait of Christ in the ceiling. Mr. Popovich was about to give me a guided tour of what he calls an iconostasis or the room where all of the religious figures and paintings were placed, when he told me to be prepared because the service was about to start. So I proceeded to the nave to participate in the upcoming service. Although I did not clarify if there was any appropriate attire for adherents, I wore the conventional clothing reserved for church attendance. As the service started, everyone gathered in the nave of the cathedral. I first noticed that no one among the people in attendance was wearing casual clothing. The people around me had conservative clothing; the males wore formal attire with collared shirts and sleeves with cuffs. The females were all wearing mid-length and long skirts as well as blouses with sleeves. In addition, most of the women, though not all of them, sported head scarves during the service. Furthermore, apart from the clothing, I also noticed the cathedral’s segregation scheme. All the males were on the right hand side of the nave, while the females were on the right wing of the nave. While I was fascinated by the formality of the people in the church, I never asked them the relevance of wearing such clothing. I simply thought that the sanctity of their church together with the value they uphold for their tradition includes dressing well during services. Mr. Popovich informed me prior to the service that what I am going to be part of was the evening services otherwise the Vespers. I recall senior warden Popovich previously discussed that the Vespers begins at 9 in the evening, an hour which was actually based on the exact time of Christ’s death: 3:00 pm or the 9th hour in antiquated time. The service starts with the priest’s ceremonial blessing and continued with the usual beginnings, which, is basically a sequence of prayers that include the trisagion or the common hymn in almost every Orthodox liturgical service (Perry & Melling 190). The service then proceeded with the recital of the Lord’s Prayer before the actual scripture reading of psalms took place. The reader read about three psalms before reciting another short hymn called the troparion (Perry & Melling 37). Another hymn called the theotokion followed the troparion, the hymn was sung in honor of the mother of God. Particularly, the hymn honors the virgin mother of God for the incarnation of Christ through her. The singing of the hymn also coincided with the entrance of the clergy; the clergy coming from the Holy Doors signified that the creation of the world also marks man’s selection to live in paradise (Perry & Melling 295). As the service was progressing, I took a small window of time to look around and observe what was happening around me. In doing so, I noticed that most people get distracted at what they do knowing that an unfamiliar person is present to witness what they do, but I felt their utmost dedication to their obligations to God because my very presence did not even cause them to be distracted at what they do. Similarly, as much as it was a rare occasion for me to be part of their usual service, they must have felt that it was also a rare occasion to have an outsider among them, yet their dedication remained pure and untainted. A series of readings soon followed, after the clergy’s entrance, another series of hymns, the Phos Hilaron and the Prokeimenon marked a transition of the service to epistle reading. During the epistle reading, the adherents hear the words of God for enlightenment. For the first part, the reader read a passage from the Bible’s Old Testament. At the time, the reading was taken from the book of Elijah which announced what message God’s promised messiah would bring. After the reading of the scriptures, the Vespers was concluded by the Litany of Fervent Supplication and the final blessing of the presiding clergy. During the Litany of Fervent Supplication, the adherents pray that God may grant all Christians mercy. The litany is a responsorial prayer wherein the reader asks for mercy in every aspect and the people respond with the words â€Å"Grant it, O Lord. † After the final blessing has been given, the crowds of people are dismissed accordingly. Based on what I have seen in the liturgical service I attended, Orthodox Catholicism is a religion filled with tradition, symbolisms and customary ceremonies. But true service to God is not really measured by the traditions, the customs, and other rituals of sacrifice and praise; the true essence of serving God lies in a person’s obedient and relentless faith. Ultimately, the sacrifices and the customs do not matter if a person has little or weak faith. Works Cited Benz, Ernst. â€Å"The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life† New Jersey: Aldine Transaction, 2008 Parry, Ken & David Melling. â€Å"The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity† Malden, MA. : Blackwell Publishing, 1999. Ware, Timothy. â€Å"The Orthodox Church: New Edition†. New York: Penguin Books, 1997

Ethical Issues in Research Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Issues in Research - Personal Statement Example Background: It describes the basic information and history about the programmes or the project which is being evaluated. Review of evaluation questions: This section describes the goals of the evaluation of the programmes. It includes specific evaluation questions and reasons for each question. Evaluation methods: These describe in detail the design and the process of the evaluation. This process of evaluation includes the major criteria used for selecting samples or the participants. It also explains the data collections approaches and the process of analysis of the data. Key findings: These are the main observation from the overall research programme which provides descriptions of the participants or the samples which include the demographics of the participants and the extent of participation. Conclusions: It contains the comparisons hypothesis of the research with the actual findings. It reflects the strength of the research programme identified in the evaluation and recommendati on for further improvement of the work i.e. the process of finding the results. It also describes the limitation of the research process and the evaluation process. ... A particular academic journal represents an in-depth analysis of a particular area of any subject. The main aim of this is to provide detailed analysis or information about a narrow topic of academics. An analysis is done in a much deeper level to find out the key outcomes and the limitations. Newspaper report: A newspaper report generally discuss the current or recent news or issues from diverse areas. It includes the accounts of eye witness for the happening events. Gene3rally newspaper reports answers almost all the questions like who, what, when, where, how and lastly the most important way. These articles are written keeping in mind the mass market knowledge base to understand and needful of the topic. These based on the study of the wide range of topic not in-depth research on a particular area. The main aim for this type of article is to make awareness of the mass about particular issues or detail facts which the readers need to aware of or sometimes they are interested to kno w to gain a wide range of knowledge. Section B Answer 1 The positivist research philosophy is derived from natural science and is characterized by hypothesis testing and development from the existing theories through the measurement of the social realities. This position assumes that the world exists for different externalities and objectives. The knowledge of the assumption is only valid if it is assumed based on the findings and the observations of any external realities and it needs to develop some theoretical models which can explain the cause and effectiveness of the possible outcomes.  

Consider the following scenario Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Consider the following scenario - Research Paper Example The distinctive ledgers which ledgers used within inventory recording system include Raw Materials, Work in Process and Finished goods accounts. Differences between the two costing techniques arise as costs are added up with respect to their jobs in job order costing system while in process costing system; these costs are pooled in with respect to a department’s cost incurred with respect to a specified time period. Further differences between the two costing system occur because of the nature and types of production methods employed to manufacture goods. Process costing system is used in production organizations which tend to have similar ongoing procedures to manufacture their goods while job order costing is used in companies which tend to produce special or customized goods in batches. Since our company would be producing a single version of a product, a process costing system would be best suited to analyze the costs of the product. This system would also be carried out in future as well if the production is carried out in large quantities of identical pattern in an ongoing flow. Job order costing would only be employed if the company produces tailor-made products for their customer or it manufactures standard products in batches (Lucey,

Media Education in Elementary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Media Education in Elementary - Essay Example The students should be capacitated to read media messages and also create their own media messages. I definitely agree with Bill Bigelow that advertisements to a very large extent promote wrong perceptions. They make the viewer very uncomfortable by threatening the esteem of the viewer who start believing in the false claims and overlook the actual product. Advertisements are designed with only one rationale- maximum profit to the company. Therefore, they make all sorts of false claims to attract the viewer. However, a viewer with sufficient knowledge of semiotics can never be deceived. This is because semiotics help the viewer unfold the actual meanings hidden in the ads. I liked his approach of teaching global studies and the one in which students wrote about the effects of ads on their personality. The newly emerged interest in the field of masculinity study has undoubtedly offered a variety of genres like magazines, journals, albums, videos, ads etc. However I would like to menti on the not-so-good effects of this growing research- firstly, the potential psychologically damaging effects of violent ads on young adolescent boys. Secondly, the well toned attractive body of male models threatens the self esteem of the male audience.

Leadership Communication Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership Communication - Coursework Example The understanding of one’s audience is very important for leaders in ensuring effective communication for several reasons. The first reason is that understanding the audience presents the leader an opportunity to know the best ways to employ in delivering the message to the audience to ensure a great number of the audience understand or benefit from the information conveyed (Barret, 2014). The leader needs to understand the reasons why his topic is important to the audience, as well as the lessons he may want the audience to learn or know relevant to his presentation. Knowing the audience involves understanding their cultural differences, religious beliefs, age, educational levels, among other things. In order to ensure effective communication in this case, the leader needs to project positive ethos. In order to achieve this, a leader needs to be trustworthy (Agarwal, 2010). This helps make the audience build trust on him. In addition, the leader needs to have good reputation as well as develop and uphold similarity with the audience. This helps in maintaining trust as well as winning the approval of the audience, thereby making the communication effective (Barret, 2014). There are several barriers to effective communication. Some of these include language barriers, gender, emotional barriers, as well as cultural barriers. Physical, perceptual as well as interpersonal barriers may also form part of the barriers to effective communication (Agarwal, 2010). For instance, a person may communicate in a language that the audience do not understand. This is a form of language barrier. This was one case experienced in my workplace recently involving ineffective communication. The leader came and issued instructions in his local dialect. As a result, nobody understood what he said. However, he never bothered to explain or translate to a language that we could understand. This could be

Garden City Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Garden City Concept - Essay Example The city would be self sufficient until it reaches full population. When it reaches full population, another garden city will be developed nearby. (Wikipedia, 2009) A garden city is made different from others because the concept is planned for its objectives. It is to find the industrial population work for wages of a higher purchasing power and secure a healthier surroundings and regular employment. It is intended to offer a secure a new and better employment for the enterprising, the manufacturers, the cooperatives, the people engaged in the technical field, and to the many who are in various professions. It is a design for the opening of a new market for the talents and goods that are close to their doors. The objective is to raise the standard of health and comfort of the workers of whatever profession they have to offer. This is one way of achieving the natural and economic combination of a town and country life with its own municipality. An ideal garden city is to be built near the centre of a 6,000 acres land and it will cover about 1,000 acres of it. It may be planned in a circular manner. The radius of which could be a 1,240 yards. There would be 6 beautiful boulevards that is 120 feet wide and will traverse the city from the centre to its circumference dividing the city into 6 equal parts. There will also be 5 circumferential roads. A circular space in the centre is to be about 5.5 acres In this area will lay a beautiful well maintained garden. Around this garden will be the large public buildings such as the town hall, the lecture hall, theater, library, museum and a hospital. The rest of the space will contain the public park, which is an ample recreation ground with a very easy access to everybody. Running around the park is a wide arcade made of glass that will be called the crystal palace. The crystal palace is for the wet weather. This will be one of the favorite place of the people because it is very near the central park. One function of this building is that, manufactured goods are exposed for sale. A wide variety of goods to be sold here are of good quality. Shopping for goods in the crystal palace is indeed a joy of deliverance and selection. The enclosed space of the crystal palace is not only used for the manufactured goods for sale. A part of the crystal palace will be used as a winter garden. It forms as a permanent exhibition of a very attractive character while its circular form brings it near to every one living in town. The route around the crystal palace is the fifth avenue. The road is closely designed in a circular manner that it forms a circumferential road. The road side will be planted with trees that would contribute to the beauty of the place as you go around the crystal palace. A beautifully maintained garden adds to the beauty of the place. Moving away from the fifth avenue, you can take the grand avenue and move around to see the beautiful crystal palace on one side and the houses and gardens on the other side. The houses and gardens are designed such that you will find a ring of houses, very excellently built as each is standing on the ample grounds. There will be varied architecture and design which the houses and the group of houses, some will have common gardens and a cooperative kitchen. A circumferential r

What is the effect on african people of growing up in poverty Essay

What is the effect on african people of growing up in poverty - Essay Example African countries fall near the bottom of any list measuring small size economic activity such as gross domestic per capital and income capita, despite the wealthy natural resources. Poverty in Africa is mainly in rural areas. Over seventy percent of the African poor people reside in rural areas and highly rely on agriculture for livelihood and food. Eastern and Southern Africa are the parts with a high concentration of persons. The situation of poverty in sub-Saharan Africa is rising faster than the population itself (Kavanagh, 2011). In many parts of Africa, poverty has its origin from the colonial system and the institutional and policy constraints that is forced on poor people. The land is a major issue in Africa, with many African nations having land ownership disputes leading much useful land being unused. In some other parts of Africa, there is the unreliability of rainfall causing lots of food shortages. There is an association between poverty and climate change. Poverty raises the propensity and severity of calamities reduce people’s ability to reconstruct and recover. Africa’s economic depression is self- perpetuating as it leads to more of the warfare, diseases, misgovernment, and corruption. Poverty in Africa makes people have difficulties in attaining their basic needs like food, clothing and shelter. People are living in extreme poverty rarely access highly nutritious food. Even if these foods are accessible, it is likely that they are not able to buy them. People in poverty are scrawny simply because they do not have enough food to eat (Cleveland, 2014). One of the most severe effects of poverty in Africa is health effects. Diseases are most common with people living in poverty since they do not have enough resources to maintain healthy living conditions. Sanitation conditions are indigent, increasing the possibility of contracting diseases. Additionally, due to

Solutions regarding Google Glass privacy issues Research Paper

Solutions regarding Google Glass privacy issues - Research Paper Example g Privacy Issues in the Context of Google Glass† draws on his over 10-year experience studying privacy and mobile computing to examine the negative sentiments that have afflicted Google Glass. He looks at the issue from the perspective of lessons learned about privacy from the ubiquitous computing project in the 1990s, as well as current expectations of privacy change. Yesenia Duran in â€Å"Google Glass Finds Its Way into Law Enforcement† discusses the use of Google Glass by law enforcement and government agencies to increase situational awareness. Ribeiro Furlan in â€Å"Google Glass† discusses the risks posed to users of Google Glass with regards to hacking, which can make private information available to unauthorized people. Finally, Schreiber discusses the considerable challenges that Google Glass portends on existing privacy laws and paradigms, examining implications and solutions. From these articles, a question arises: What are the solutions to Google Glas s’ privacy issues? This paper will argue that Google Glass should seek to improve security by ensuring recording can only occur with the knowledge of people around the wearer, as well as ensuring that information collected through the device is secure from unauthorized access. â€Å"Google Glass displays information in a smartphone-like hands-free format that can interact with the Internet via natural language voice commands† (Duran 18). However, because of this, Google Glass wearable computers pose pertinent privacy questions that need to be addressed before Google can make them available on the market. To begin with, Google Glass threatens those not using it as they are always under surveillance. Most of these people will react to people wearing Google Glass as if they are recording them, even when they are not. In turn, this will threaten their ability to hold anonymous, candid, or private social interactions, increasing the likelihood of social venues banning its use. In addition, although the Google

Human Resource Management in a Business Context Essay - 2

Human Resource Management in a Business Context - Essay Example claim strategic HRM as organizational systems that use people as a means to achieve sustainable competitive advantage (Snell et al., 1996). Nevertheless, almost all theorists agree on the fact that strategic HRM involves the achievement of a strategic fit between business strategy and HR strategy. For instance, rather than waiting for the employee to design and find his/her replacement, managers now proactively get involved in strategic planning to determine the staffing needs of organizations and conduct recruitment and selection accordingly. This has given way to the matching model whereby HR strategy flows out of the business strategy. The â€Å"fit† perspective has been widely acknowledged in HRM literature with the claim that the HR function needs to be aligned with other functions in the organization. Holistically, HR domains such as the recruitment, selection, training and development of employees are contingent on organizational goals. For instance, companies wishing to enhance their customer management would require corresponding HR practices that empower employees to ensure their satisfaction so that they may keep their customers satisfied. Furthermore, it is important to note that this â€Å"fit† may be internal or external. An external fit would require HR practices to be aligned with external environment (such as recession, outsourcing, downsizing, increased female participation), whereas, an internal fit would require the HR working in sync with other departments in the organization such as finance, IT, marketing etc. In the contemporary world, however, an â€Å"internal† fit is alm ost always assumed with HR of most organizations. It is the â€Å"external† fit that is gaining momentum owing to globalization and the volatile environment. Strategic HRM has evolved as a means of securing sustainable competitive advantage. This is in line with the theory of â€Å"rational choice† which claims that giving strategic

Byzantine Art Essay Example for Free

Byzantine Art Essay There are many differences and similarities between the following two pieces of art; the Toreador Fresco and the Egyptian Fowling Scene. The Toreador Fresco is a fresco depicting a bull-leaping ceremony. It is from the palace at Knossos(Crete), Greece and from around 1450-1400 BCE. The Egyptian Fowling Scene is a mural painting from the tomb of Nebamun. It is from Thebes, Egypt and from the 18th Dynasty, ca. 1400-1350 BCE. The styles between these two periods are very different, but there are still a few similarities found between the two pieces of art. The Toreador Fresco depicts a bull in the center, and a man leaping over its back. There is a woman on each side of the bull. Unlike the Fowling Scene, this fresco includes a border. In the Egyptian Fowling Scene, Nebamun is standing in his boat, flushing birds from a papyrus swamp. He is holding his throwing stick in one hand and three birds in the other hand. He is accompanied by his wife and daughter who are both shown holding lotus flowers. In the Toreador Fresco, the bull is the central figure of the painting while in the Fowling Scene every space was filled with lively details such as lotus flowers and butterflies. As for the depiction of the human figure, in the Toreador Fresco, the human figures have stylized shapes with pinched waists and they are highly animated. Also, in order to distinguish between male and female, the artist painted the young women with fair skin and the man with dark skin. This was a widely accepted ancient Minoan convention. This is very different from the depiction of human figures in the Fowling Scene. The skin color of Nebamun, his daughter and his wife are all the same dark color. The artist scaled down their figures in proportion to their rank. The wife and daughter were much smaller than Nebamun. Also, in the Fowling Scene, the animals show a naturalism based on careful observation. One similarity between the paintings was that the human figures were painted with the profile pose with the full-view eye. Another similarity between the two paintings would be that they both represent rituals and traditions. The Toreador Fresco depicts the Minoan ceremony of bull-leaping while the Fowling Scene is a tomb painting showing that Nebamun is enjoying himself in the afterlife. Another difference would be that in the Toreador Fresco, the artist used curved lines to suggest the elasticity of the living and moving beings unlike the Fowling Scene where the depiction of movement was not represented very well. In the Toreador Fresco, the artist also elongated the animal’s shape to show the powerful charge of the bull and used sweeping lines to form a funnel of energy. It is easily seen how the depiction of movement is better represented in the Toreador Fresco than in the Fowling Scene. In the Fowling Scene, the artist used many different and lively colors whereas in the Toreador Fresco, there is not a great variety of colors used. In the Toreador Fresco, you can tell that it is Minoan art by the elegance of the Cretan figures, with their long, curly hair and proud and self-confident bearing. This distinguishes them from all other early figures styles. You can also see a few cultural differences between the two periods just by comparing the two paintings. The human figures in the paintings are all dressed much differently. Also, in ancient Egypt, the artists often used hierarchal scale in their paintings. They would make the size of the human figures larger based on their social status. That is why in the Fowling Scene, the wife and the daughter of Nebamun are much smaller than him. Whereas, in the Toreador Fresco, you do not see a hierarchal scale, the human figures are all the same size. In conclusion, there are many differences and similarities between the Toreador Fresco and the Fowling Scene. Both paintings represent rituals and traditions. Also, they both have figures painted with the profile pose. In the Toreador Fresco, it includes a border and the bull is the central figure. The human figures are wasp-waisted, and highly animated. The depiction of movement is much better represented in this piece of art than the Fowling Scene because the artist used curved lines to emphasize the movement of the figures. He also elongated the bull’s shape to show the powerful charge of the animal and used sweeping lines to form a funnel of energy. In comparison, in the Fowling Scene, the artists filled every space with lively details. The marsh is full of lotus flowers and butterflies. Although the depiction of movement is not shown as well as the Toreador Fresco, a variety of lively colors is shown in the painting. Unlike the Toreador Fresco, the hierarchal scale is shown in the Fowling Scene.

Arabic Mythology Essay Example for Free

Arabic Mythology Essay Like any other culture, ancient Arabs believed in demons, devils and the like, or at least they had stories about these things whether or not they believed those stories were true. Like everybody else they had their own mythology. Some of these stories are not really famous even for native speakers, like the story of how the rooster lost its ability to fly, or the legend which states that a very long time ago everything was able to talk; And some other stories are well-known (at least for those who DO read) like the ogres and poetry Genies. Arabs have a long-forgotten term which says â€Å"when everythingQ was talking† to describe something that happened a long time ago, especially in the pre-historic era. The root of this term is that ancient Arabs believed that everything -everything including animals and rocks- had the ability to talk at one point in history. And a lot of Arabian legends took place at that part of history. One example of this is the story of how did the rooster lost its ability to fly. The story goes like that: the rooster and the crow were drinking together until they finished all the drinks they had. So the crow told the rooster that he would bring more drinks and food if he gave him his wings and the rooster agreed. Needless to say, the crow never returned them and that is why the rooster crows every morning. He is calling the crow at the same time he took his wings. Most of the paranormal Arabian stories take place in the desert with a single hero. There are just so many Arabian stories about encounters with paranormal creatures in the desert. Some of them are friendly like poetry demons or genies and some are not like ogres. Also there are some stories about heroes like â€Å"Ta-ab-ba-ta_Sha-run†, a real man who became a legend because of all the stories that were made up about him. He was described as â€Å"The fastest man when he run, and the strongest when he fights. His spear when thrown is like winter’s wind†¦etc† and he had so many encounters with demons and ogres in the desert. One of these encounters gave him his name when he fought an ogre bare-handed and killed it in â€Å"Raha-Bitan†. Then he carried it to his people under his armpit so they gave him his name which means â€Å"the one who carry evil ender his armpit. † Unfortunately he was a thief in a lot of stories. When talking about pre-Islamic Arabs you can consider the demons and the Genies to be the same. Genies were famous as excellent poets, and Arabs believed that every human poet had a Genie friend who inspires him with verses, even if he didn’t know about it. The genie is called â€Å"Ra-Ei, this word is driven from the verb ‘to see’ and ‘realizing what is behind the seen’. And from a noun mean seeing the future – or predicting it – ether in real life or a dream that turns true. When you talk about a poet and his genie you say that the poet is the Genie’s â€Å"Elf† and the genie is the poet’s â€Å"Ra-Ei†. Elf is a word driven from â€Å"Elfah† which means a close relationship or feeling comfortable with a person or a thing that you get used to. Also some say that the Genie is born with you and you are stuck together forever, while others said that you do not born with a Genie but you can have one later. People said that the Genies come from a valley named â€Å"Abqar/Abkar† and their master is setting under â€Å"the poetry tree†, the root for all rhythms and verses in the world. It is said that you will become a poet if you sleep in that valley for one night and you will meet your genie. All poetry Genies belong there even if they didn’t actually live there. A genie doesn’t necessarily need to be physically near his human friend to inspire him with verses so some Genies decide to stay there. Some famous poets claimed that they know their Genie and gave him a name, and some of them said that they met their Genie personally. Like ‘Abu-Nawas’ and ‘Al-Faraz-daq’ who both claimed that the head Genie is their â€Å"Ra-Ei†. Nowadays, we know that almost all mythologies are wrong, but that is not a reason to forget them because the value of mythology does not lay in its veracity but in its role as a part of history and culture.

Gino and Mogilner’s (2014) Hypothesis | Critical Review

Gino and Mogilner’s (2014) Hypothesis | Critical Review Critical Review of Focus Paper: Assessing the credibility of Gino and Mogilner’s (2014) hypothesis and applications Joanna Huang Abstract The focus paper by Gino and Mogilner hypothesises that the reason for previously witnessed relationships between time, money and morality is due to the mediator, self-reflection. Gino and Mogilner (2014) operationalise the construct of morality to measure the subsequent cheating in participants through controlled laboratory experiments. The methodology employed in the paper uses validated and reliable techniques to maintain internal validity (Wicklund and Duval, 1971). In addition, the paper controls and removes possible confounds that may impact the consistency of the results to improve internal reliability. However, the applicability of Gino and Mogilner’s (2014) findings are limited by the controlled laboratory conditions which reduce external validity. Greater applications of this study can be found in alternate research directions regarding the relationship between time, money and morality. Main body The nature of morality and its determinant is a long debated and theorised topic; many experimental investigations in morality attempt to produce supporting evidence for hypothesised relationships between morality and related factors. The focus paper by Gino and Mogilner endeavours to provide empirical evidence that supports the underlying mechanism between time, money and morality is self-reflection. Gino and Mogilner (2014) draw their conceptualisation of morality from the theoretical framework provided by previous studies which have shown a conclusive relationship between time, money and morality. Their methodology operationally defines morality and maintains a standardised procedure to maximise the reliability and validity of their experimental results. Whilst Gino and Mogilner (2014) are able to reliably demonstrate that self-reflection is the underlying mechanism connecting money, time and morality, the immediate applications of the research finding is limited by their approach . The multifaceted definition of morality provides difficulties in measuring the construct within laboratory environments. However, by simplifying moral behaviour to cheating, the seemingly abstract construct has been operationalised by many for experimental research and produced consistent findings, such as Gino and Pierce (2009). In addition, by eliminating the monetary reward (in Study two) and providing anonymity, potential bias from the motivation of money and social desirability of participants to appear competent has been removed. When compared to previous studies by Diener and Wallbom (1976) where anonymity was not provided in the experiment, the recorded cheating could have resulted from two viable motivations; moral ambiguity and possible demonstration of competence (Vallacher and Solodky, 1979). Gino and Mogilner (2014) have shown superiority in operationalising and controlling their experiment to produce empirical evidence that supports their hypothesis. The study follows a standardised procedure to ensure greater generalisability and reliability. Study three uses the mirror technique, a reliable method to encourage self-reflection (Wicklund and Duval, 1971), and improving internal validity by the use of a reliable and consistent technique in the methodology. The mirror technique further validates the robustness of the effect by showing internal consistency between the effects of priming money and time to a validated method. In comparison to the use of environmental stimulus (real cash) by Gino and Pierce (2009), the subtlety of priming money and time constructs benefits external validity by increasing generalisability (Mogilner and Aaker, 2009). Priming the constructs allows greater generalisation to the real world situation by broadening the stimulation of time and money to include mental as well as environmental stimuli. It should be mentioned that the focus paper does have flaws, notably in the use self-reporting scales in Study 4 to measure self-reflection. Self-reporting is limited by the assumption that individuals are insightful and truthful about their own attitudes and behaviours. Additionally, self-reporting may be skewed by the individual desire to appear moral (Nargin and Pogarsky, 2003). Thus, many studies have included social desirability tests to identify to remove possible contenders of lying, such as Nargin and Pogarsky (2003) and Gino and Pierce (2009). Despite lacking such a social desirability test, the questionnaire used to measure self-reflection is similar to the one used by Gino and Pierce (2009), which has proven reliability. Furthermore, Gino and Mogilner (2014) do include a mediation analyses using bootstrap analysis to verify that self-flection was the underlying mechanism between money, time and morality; presenting convincing empirical evidence of the relationship between the constructs. In conceptualising morality as cheating, the study may risk over-simplifying and limiting the construct as cheating may only represent a form of moral judgment rather than morality as a whole (Abend, 2012). Indeed, the experiment essentially limits the concept of morality to the individual moral judgment in response to the given conditions of the study, such as anonymous cheating opportunities. Furthermore, these confined laboratory conditions inhibit the external validity of the study due to the variability of cheating opportunities and occurrence in real life (Gino and Pierce, 2009). However, Gino and Mogilner are not alone in their approach; studies with a similar method include those by Gino and Pierce (2009), and Shu, Gino and Bazerman (2009). These studies adapt their conceptualisation from Jones’ (1991) definition of immorality as behaviour that violates the moral and legal regulations of the wider community; supporting Gino and Mogilner’s operational definition of morality as a standardised method. Whilst using more subtle primes can increase generalisability, as aforementioned, the limitations of applicability are inevitable in laboratory and experimental research. Experimental research is challenged by the difficulty to maintain external validity within the controlled laboratory conditions. Whilst encouraging moral conduct in society is a worthy pursuit, direct application of Gino and Mogilner’s (2014) findings may be difficult and limited by situational and environmental influences of morality. A study by Reed, Aquino and Levy (2007) develops the construct of morality in an alternate approach, suggesting instead that individual concept of morality directly influences attitudes towards money and time. This reverse approach is advantageous in having immediate applications, specifically in marketing; non-profit organisations can manipulate the community for more time or money donations based on the prominence of the respective constructs in their advertisement (Reed et al., 2007). Despite forgoing the mediator role of self-reflection, the research does not contradict Gino and Mogilner. Hence, given that the thought of time can increase ad herence to moral conduct (Gino and Mogilber, 2014), the focus paper may find applications in an indirect way, such as time prominent marketing strategies. The work of Gino and Mogilner (2014) may be limited in the short run for immediate benefits to society; however it will inarguably be a great asset when considering the growing prevalence of immorality. Gino and Mogilner (2014) present reliable empirical evidence to determine that self-reflection is the mediator between time, money and morality. The focus paper appropriately operationalises morality to construct a reliable and valid research that increases the credibility of the results. In demonstrating sound empirical results, Gino and Mogilner have proposed a plausible method to reduce immoral behaviours in society. However, the immediate applications of this method are restricted by difficulties in generalising the experimental research to the external, real world environment, and may have to wait until further research is conducted regarding ethical and effective applications. References Abend, G. (2012). What the Science of Morality Doesnt Say About Morality. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 43(2), 157-200. Diener, E., Wallbom, M. (1976). Effects of Self-Awareness on Antinormative Behaviour. Journal of Research in Personality, 10(1), 107-111. Gino, F., Mogilner, C. (2014). Time, money, and morality. Psychological Science, 25(2), 414-421. Gino, F., Pierce, L. (2009). The abundance effect: Unethical behaviour in the presence of wealth. Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 109(2), 142-155. Jones, T.M. (1991). Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue-Contingent Model, The Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 366-395. Mogilner, C., Aaker, J. (2009). The Time vs. Money Effect. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(2),277-291. Nagin, D.S., Pogarsky, G. (2003). An Experimental Investigation of Deterrence: Cheating, Self-Serving Bias, and Impulsivity. Criminology, 41(2), 167-194. Reed, A., Aquino, K., Levy, E. (2007). Moral Identity and Judgements of Charitable Behaviours. Journal of Marketing 71(1), 178-193. Shu, L.L., Gino, F., Bazerman, M.H. (2011). Dishonest Deed, Clear Conscience: When Cheating Leads to Moral Disengagement and Motivated. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(3), 330-349. Vallacher, R.R., Solodky, M. (1979). Objective Self-Awareness, Standards of Evaluation and Moral Behaviour. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15(3), 254-262. Wicklund, R.A., Duval, S. (1971). Opinion change and performance facilitation as a result of objective self-awareness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,7(3), 319-342. 1 Nella Larsen Novel: Passing Nella Larsen Novel: Passing Nella Larsens novel Passing was written in 1929 and reflected the reality she experienced herself as for the questions of racial identity and hard integration of African Americans into the civilized society. On the whole, Passing is, in contrast to the title, the story of complete failure of two girls who tried to divide themselves from their race and be normal citizens adopted by the society. One of them, Irene Westover Redfield, was a common representative of the middle class who suffered from fears and discomfort being among people and who wanted only to be tranquil because security was the most important and desired thing in life (Larsen 235). Everywhere in the street she felt disturbance and threat of impermanence, instability and lack of confidence. All those symptoms, as Neil Sullivan (26) investigates, testify to Irenes inevitability of disintegrating subjectivity meaning that not only circumstances themselves were obstacles on her way to integration and passing, but from the very beginning, by her nature and through entire life she was never ready to become an adequate part of the community. For Irene, the reality was disgusting and she was disgusting to herself, she was awkward in that reality. Her friend, Clare Kendry Bellew, doesnt look like a Nig (as her own husband calls her playfully), but she has African routes and thus all her story is a story of inner conflict, of bifurcation and lack of perfectness, of wholeness. She struggled since her early childhood, as was born in misery and privation, and furthermore lost her father (alcoholic janitor) and had to live with her two white aunts, Grace and Edna, not a jot better than Cinderellas stepmother and sisters. From her early years she had to work hard, and the aunts even tried to persuade her that physical labor was nothing but useful for her. And at the same time she had to tolerate not only physical exploitation, but also moral tension because loving relatives never missed a trick to remind her where she was from and what she was like. But nevertheless she didnt make complaints against her life: I was, it was true, expected to earn my keep by doing all the housework, and most of the washing. But do you realize, Rene, t hat if it hadnt been for them, I shouldnt have had a home in the world? (Larsen 158). Clare is described as truly light (as her name is translated) person trying to enjoy life and to take everything from it, but again, from the very beginning, she is doomed as she has no integrity in herself and cant find stability neither at home nor outside. Her husband, a white financier John Bellew, leads on the processing started by her aunts: he repeats again and again that he hated Negroes and that no Negroes can live in his house: When we were first married, she was as white as as well as white as a lily. But I declare shes gettin darker and darker. I tell her if she dont look out, shell wake up one of these days and find shes turned into a nigger, he jokes (171). If Clare could simply forget her origin and live a normal life of a white person, she may have found serenity and her place under the sun. But the hostile attitude and moods of the nearest, let alone rest of the society leaves n o chance for her. She is punched by words, and she is constantly being lynched morally. Hence her end is determined from the very beginning. Her passing is determined as, to certain extent, the author uses the word not only in the meaning of merging of African Americans with the white community in the United States, but obviously in its colloquial meaning standing for death. The two girls fates are tightly bound and one is used to tint another one. They are different, but they have much in common, and their lives turn to interweave in strange, dramatic matter. The two persons conflicting each within herself cant help conflicting with other, and passions burning between them have ambiguous nature. The uneasy circumstances have made them suspicious and emotionally very sensitive, therefore by interaction they not only help each other to survive, but do help each other to fade. The matter is, assimilation is always a problem, even when all the circumstances are favorable and the accepting party is really adopting. A lot of things must be changed in your conscience, in your style of life, in your attitude to things of everyday life and, broader, you view of the world. The question, what is more, is why you should forget your true identity, why you have to play your origin false and adjust to others. It is always difficult to put up with such injustice, and no matter how hard you try, you will always stay the second sort. Sometimes such subordination is hidden well, and with time you may forget about all those difficulties. But when day after day you are reminded that you are mud blood (nigger, nig, creature, boy,), how much strength do you need to cope with it? Especially it turns out to be unbearable for Clare who is already not belonging to the Black community and neither is she one of the Whites. Then, negative reputation is regularly supported by media, they are accused of all the most awful crimes, and this prejudice based only on the color of their skin is being spread from family to family, from generation to generation. The cycle with no way out. Or, to be more precise, with the only way out chosen by Clare the entrance to freedom through the window. In the meantime her need for recognition was much higher than Irenes. Clare experiences deliberate courting of attention (203); her husband has taken her out of poverty and provided her with almost everything for happy bourgeois living. So she spends days dressing this and that and trying to adopt white values, but cant find peace and through the whole novel seeks for the answer from everyone: what am I to you? What am I of you? It is interesting to underline that the two girls benefit from each other: While Clare claims Irene as her link to blackness, Irene mediates her desire for whiteness through Clare (Sullivan 31). When associated with Clare, Irene finally was aware what was wrong in her life and she feels sorry that Clare was not born a Negro (Larsen 225). The conflict is sharpened in the scene with letters from Clare torn by Irene: The destruction completed, she gathered them up, rose, and moved to the trains end. Standing there, she dropped them over railing and watched them scatter, on tracks, on cinders, on forlorn grass, in rills of dirty water (178). While we are all dependent on what others think of us, it is not easy to stay cheerful when you are oppressed on the ground of your minority identity. In this way total rejection brings Clare to the tragic final: Clare vanishes, and Irene faints in pursuit of her. Panama: An Introduction Panama: An Introduction Panama La Republica de Panama, or just simply Panama, is a country slightly smaller than South Carolina located south of Costa Rica and north of Columbia. Panama is most famous for the Panama Canal, which allows passage from the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific Ocean. Panama has a chain of mountains along the west of the country, has moderate hills in the interior, and has flat land along the east coast. There are vast forests in Panamas tropical weather. Panamas tropical temperature makes it possible for Panama to grow its biggest exports: coffee, sugar, shrimp, bananas, etc. However, Panama cannot grow or manufacture certain items, such as capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, and chemicals. Some of Panamas major trading partners include the U.S., Sweden, Spain, Netherlands, Costa Rica, Antilles, Japan, Mexico, and Colombia. Panama has one of the most important trading ports in the world. Its geographical location makes it one of the busiest ports in the world. Panama is most famous for the internationally known Panama Canal. The Panama Canal was first thought up in 1513 by Charles V, who at the time was the king of Spain. Although Charles V never followed through, the Spaniards built paved roads to transport goods. In 1880, French companies directed by Ferdinand de Lesseps, the builder of the Suez Canal, started construction on the Panama Canal. After seven years, the project was abandoned. In 1903, when Panama was declared independent, a treaty was signed which authorized the United States to begin construction of the canal in 1904. The canal was completed and started operation on August 15, 1914, when the US cargo ship, Ancon, made a historic first passage. However, before the canal was built, Panama struggled for its independence from Columbia. In 1821, Central America revolted against Spain, which is when Panama joined Columbia. For the next eighty-two years, Panama unsuccessfully tried to break away from Columbia. Between 1850 and 1900, Panama had 40 administrations, 50 riots, 5 attempted secessions, and 13 US interventions. Panama eventually gained its independence in 1903, with US giving its support. The Panamanian flag was a symbol of the newly freed country once it gained its independence from Columbia. It was designed be Mr. Amador Guerrero and it was made by his wife, Ms. Maria Ossa de Amador. The flag was baptized on December 20, 1903 by Reverend Fray Bernardino. It is celebrated on November 1. Today, the Panamanian government is an example of a constitutional democracy. It contains executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. The executive branch consists of a president and two vice-presidents. The presidential position is held by Martin Torrijos Espino and the two vice-presidential positions are held by Samuel Lewis Navarro and Ruben Arosemena Valdes. The Legislative Branch has a unicameral National Assembly which contains seventy eight seats. The judicial branch is a Supreme Court of Justice, which contains nine judges who serve ten year terms, five superior courts, and three courts of appeal. When the Spanish controlled Panama, they brought with them Spanish cultures and traditions, creating a new culture. The natives of Panama, the Kuna, are a close community. They are close with their families and live a simple way of life. In the Kunas culture, ties are passed from the mothers side of the family, meaning that after the marriage, the husband must move into the wifes familys house and work for her family. In all countries, sports are a major part of the culture. Panama is no exception. The main sport in Panama today is baseball. Some of the Major League Baseball most prominent baseball players have come out of Panama. The most famous of them include Rod Carew, who played for the Minnesota Twins and the California Angels, Omar Moreno, who played for the Pittsburg Pirates, Ben Oglivie, who played for the Boston Red Sox, Detroit Tigers, and the Milwaukee Brewers, Mariano Rivera, who currently plays for the Yankees, and Manny Sanguillen, who played mainly with the Pittsburg Pirates and briefly with the Oakland Athletics. Some of todays Panamanian baseball players include Manuel Corpas, who plays for the Colorado Rockies, Carlos Lee, who plays for the Houston Astros, Mariano Rivera, who plays for the New York Yankees, Carlos Ruiz, who plays for the Philadelphia Phillies, and Olmedo Saenz, who plays for the Los Angeles Dodgers. As well as sports, food is a major part of a countrys culture. Some of Panamas most popular dishes include carimanola, empanadas, tortillas, tamales, tajadas, and patacones. Carimanola is a roll made from ground and boiled yucca and filled with chopped meat and boiled eggs. The roll is then fried before it is served. Empanadas are similar to a Cornish pastry that can be filled with meat, chicken, or cheese. Tortillas are a common meal in all of Latin America. In Panama, tortillas are made from ground maize and fried like a pancake. Tamales are a local delicacy made from boiled ground corn with spices, chicken, or pork inside. It is then wrapped in a banana leaf and boiled before serving. Tajadas are a dish that that are more commonly known as platano maduros. It is made from a ripe plantain cut i slices, length ways and baked with cinnamon. Lastly, patacones, also known as tostones, is made from green fried plantain, which is cut crossways in pieces, with salt, pressed and fried. Today, Panama remains most famous for the Panama Canal. However, it has also received attention from people due o the fact that one of their former leaders is imprisoned in Miami, Florida as a result of drug trafficking charges. Manuel Noriega used to be one of the United States top allies in Latin America. However, their relationship deteriorated when it was discovered that Noriega was a major player in drug trafficking in the Panamanian region. The US also accused him of violating human rights and rigging elections in 1989. Soon after their was a stand-off between US forces stationed at the Panama canal zone and Noriegas soldiers. Later, President Bush Sr. launched an invasion of Panama because a US marine was killed in Panama City. Noriega surrendered to US forces in 1990 and was flown to the US as a prisoner of war. He was found guilty of multiple charges and was sentenced to forty years in prison which was later reduced to thirty years in 1999. After serving seventeen years in p rison, he was scheduled for release on September 9 of this year. However, he is now wanted by the French for using profits from drug trafficking to buy land and remains imprisoned. In conclusion, Panama has a culture and history decorated by the people, food, and infrastructures that it has become famous for. Most people know Panama for the Panama Canal, but Panama is more than the Canal. People who will go down in American culture have come out of Panama. These people, such as Mariano Rivera and Rod Carew, have imprinted themselves into Americas favorite past-time (baseball). Panama has bred a culture that has made a name for itself in todays society and will forever be known for it uniqueness and cultural and historical offerings.

Defining Personal Responsibility and Exploring My Own Responsibilities

What is personal responsibility? Some examples people would probably come up with would be these: working, chores, taking care of your family and some might even say going to school and getting a better education. The definition of personal responsibility is: the obligation to carry forward an assigned task to a successful conclusion. With responsibility goes authority to direct and take the necessary action to ensure success. ("DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms"). Personal responsibility to me is taking ownership of the things that will affect us in anyway, whether it is in the long run or short term. If we do not take ownership of the situations around us we will be consumed by duties and assignments which at that point become a task and no longer just a responsibility. College is a personal responsibility to us all. In order to take control of our lives and have the options we desire, college is the avenue most of us will have to take. Successfully completing our studies and obtaining the highest level of education possible will open the doors to providing for those we care most about in our lives. It will allow us to live our dreams by having options to choose from, which is why we worked so hard and decided to go to school. According to "10 Incredibly Successful People Who Went To Community College" (2012), â€Å"Nolan D. Archibald who is the CEO and Chairman of Board of the Black & Decker Corporation, was once one of the youngest CEO of a Fortune 500 Company and has been celebrated by the American Marketing Association, Business week and Fortune as one of the most successful and ‘most wanted’ business executives in the country†¦Archibald graduated from Dixie Junior College† (7). The point is, it doesn’t m... ...e to use in any given situation. Works Cited 10 incredibly successful people who went to community college. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.onlineuniversities.com/blog/2010/01/10-incredibly-successful-people-who-went-to-community-college/ DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated terms. (). Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/?zoom_query=responsibility&zoom_sort=0&zoom_per_page=10&zoom_and=1 Famous people & the schools they went to. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.collegecrunch.org/fun-stuff/famous-people-the-schools-they-went-to/ Julian, T., & Kominski, R. (2011, September). Education and Synthetic Work-Life Earnings Estimate. 2010 CENSUS, (), 2 Leading Thoughts. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.leadershipnow.com/responsibilityquotes.html Lincoln, A. (1862, December ). Message to Congress. Message to Congress, 10().

Evil and an STN God :: Philosophy of Religion Essays

Evil and an STN God The problem of evil makes theists discern a reason for an STN God to allow evil and suffering in the world. The basic setup for the problem of evil is that either a God who is all knowing, all powerful, wholly good, eternal, and creator of this universe but separate from it (STN) or evil exists. Atheists believe that since evil exists then there is no STN God. Theists branch into two categories, either believing in God, but not an STN God or believing that God has a reason for allowing evil into the world. The latter type is a narrow theist and they use a theodicy to solve the problem of evil, the best of which is the ontological defense. However, the ontological defense does not solve the problem of evil. The problem of evil stems from the contradicting beliefs that either an STN God exists or evil exists (93).1 The problem of evil can be expanded into two arguments against the existence of an STN God: the logical and the evidential arguments (93).1 The argument from the logical problem of evil is simple. The basic form of this argument is that if an STN God exists, then evil cannot exist (93).1 Since there is evidence that evil does exist an STN God cannot exist (93).1 The evidential problem of evil is based more on how any greater good can come from the evil (99).1 In the argument from the evidential problem of evil, there are times when an STN God could have prevented intense suffering without interfering with a greater good (99).1 An STN God would prevent any suffering that would not interfere with a greater good and since suffering has occurred that does not interfere with a greater good an STN God cannot exist (99).1 The problem of evil is solely a problem for theists. In order for a theist to keep their beliefs in an STN God they must find a way to solve the problem of evil by using a theodicy (103).1 Or they can change their beliefs so that they no longer believe in an STN God, but just a God (108).1 The ontological defense appears to be the most successful theodicy at solving the problem of evil. This defense essentially says that it is impossible for good to exist in the world without evil. The ontological defense is the strongest defense because it merely puts forth the concept of opposites and does not try to explain any other reasoning for why evil exists or why God puts evil in the world.

Using Caffeine is a Sin Against God :: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

Using Caffeine is a Sin Against God One of the most widely misunderstood commandments in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints is the Word of Wisdom.   The question that seems to trouble many members of the church is whether or not caffeine is part of the Word of Wisdom.   In this paper, we will find that as members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, we cannot drink caffeinated beverages and say that we keep the Word of Wisdom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   President Hinckley asked and answered a question in General Conference on October 4th of 1997. "Are we moving to mainstream America as some observers believe? In this, I fear we are." The comment came due to the increasing amount of shopping that is being done on sundays in LDS communities, and the increasing amount of disobedience to the Word of Wisdom. His tone was one of concern and love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We have a great responsibility to be an example of virtuous thought and deed. We have been blessed exceedingly with knowledge, that combined with wisdom will give us understanding. Why then, as a whole, do we seem to be regressing and becoming more like the world, as our Prophet has stated, instead of like the savior of all mankind, even Jesus Christ.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We have been counseled heretofore by prophets of old, "to seek learning, even by study, and by faith". We have an obligation to search the scriptures and to learn what the Lord is teaching us and warning us of. We must go forward with faith, and not backward. We must come unto the Lord, and not expect the Lord to come unto us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of   the many dangers in this world, the greatest danger that we have is an uninformed citizenry. Being informed is an obligation that each of us has to ourselves. Brigham Young said that "Education is the ability to think clearly, to act well in the days work, and to appreciate life".   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By this definition, and after knowing the effects of caffeine upon the human body, I have come to the conclusion that drinking caffeine is a sign of a lack of respect for oneself, and of an unappreciative attitude toward the life that each of us has been blessed with. Furthermore, it shows of either our inability, or unwillingness to learn to think clearly.

Racism: Black People and New York Times Essay

I think everybody has heard about segregation. We all know about how everybody used to say separate but equal is okay. I think that racism is still going on today, even though it isn’t as obvious. It’s a disease that a lot of people have, which we must find a cure for. It’s a little harder to cure than the common cold though, but I think that it’s just as bad as it used to be. The first example of racism is when they are going to the trial in the book, To Kill A Mockingbird when Scout, Jem, and Dill are going to the trial and trying to find a seat in the balcony it says, † . . . and steered us gently through the black people in the balcony. Four Negroes rose and gave us their front-row seats. † (Lee 164) This is a good example of racism because it shows that blacks had to stand if whites wanted to sit down. So it shows segregation. Another quote is, â€Å"The colored balcony ran along three walls of the courtroom. Like a second veranda†Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lee 164) This says that there was still a lot of segregation because it was just a â€Å"colored balcony†. That’s the only place blacks were allowed to sit or they could stand in the back. One more quote that I have from the book that says racism was, and still is a problem is, â€Å"But around here once you have a drop of Negro blood, that makes you all black. † (Lee, 162) I really think that this is a strong quote, because I think that it’s true. If someone doesn’t like one group of people and then they find out that your slightly one of them. They automatically push you away. My reasoning for them doing this is because they are either scared or jealous of them. It also says that people don’t try to get to know people very well. Lots of people did and still do make judgements based on outward appearance. In this paragraph, I’m going to prove to you that racism still exists, just as bad as it did in the 1930’s. Even though there isn’t segregation anymore racism is still a problem. People are racist mainly against blacks. Like this article says, † . . . 88 black men have been executed for killing whites, while only two white men have been executed for killing blacks. † (New York Times, February 24, 1995. A Long History. Laws once gave penalties by race.) It shouldn’t matter what your skin color is depending on how severe your punishment is. Another article says, † . . . when blacks committed crimes against each other without involving whites, the legal consequences wee lower than when whites were harmed. † (New York Times, February 24, 1995. A Long History. Laws Once Gave Penalties by Race. ) This one shows that once whites were involved the crime suddenly got a lot worse than they were making it. I think that with some proof from the book that shows how it used to be. Then some proof of how it has been in the last few years, I think that anyone can clearly see that racism is just as bad as it used to be. My solution to the problem of racism is very hard to do. It is known as a disease, but this isn’t one we can take some medicine for and cure it. This is one we have to teach. Racism is not caught, but taught. We have to teach each other that it doesn’t matter what we look like on the outside, but it’s what’s on the inside that counts. How do we teach this? We can go to schools all around the country. Do a lot of different public speaking sessions. That is how I would cure racism. So in conclusion, I hope that I have convinced some of you that racism is just as bad as it was in the 1930’s. You can plainly see that Harper Lee, even as a little child could see that racism was going on. Then it was a little more obvious, but we still need to realize it. Just because racism is just as bad as it was before doesn’t mean that we can’t change that.

Inference vs Assumption assignment

Inference vs. assumption melody between fact or learning Inference is a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning, assumption is a thing that is accepted as trustworthy or as certain to happen, without proof, the follow up of taking or beginning to restoration power or responsibility (dictionary. Com) had many demonstrations in my life about myself and others. Both with sufficient list and or sotimes without knowing it. I am forever the worry verruca in my family. Always thinking what if I did this or this could go wrong.Taking as simplistic as quiz can often overwhelm me for days till whatsoever the event is over. As one of my inference was not passing my Aptitude sensual Fitness Test (APT). I always ware doubt that would not pass. As in the end result I have passed. Always have that doubt. As some may know in the military lore is everything. Many will make any reasoning each truth or not perception is always there. Overhearing a group public lecture about some other pregnant soldier as they have conclude that she has conceived from another spend but is married.Not giving in to their very conclusion I had some curious to know about what is fact. deliver indeed it was un professedly the married Soldier was her boyfriends friend (who was not in the military) to have keep an eye on her for his friends sake. at that place was times when would be watching or doing my studies in my fashion while my married man would be in the living room watching a game. Hearing them exhort and talking loudly inferred them to happy that their team up scored or won. As it was said we exactly cannot legitimately assume what we seek to spend a penny (Kate Mosses).Many inference we all go with whether we endally doing it or not. For myself even without intention I did (well almost) about the pregnant Soldier. As it was wrong to conclude what was not true without the facts. Improper inference may as well be an assumption. To conclude my entry, is we front to proceed our assumption without hard facts or evidence more on posture in what we see on the outside. As the saying goes dont judge Reference Dictionary. Com Kate Moss, system of logic an Introduction, 2011 a book by its cove.

Adapting to Change

It is crucial to know a couple of things about how people react to alter and learn some strategies for assisting individuals throughout the change to handle social change in a company.Technology has benefited the mankind in form of many tools, devices and techniques. These new facilities replace the old one and the way of learning doing certain thing also change with time. Most of the time these advancement and changes bring improvement in the life of the people but in some of the cases people have to give up their traditional values and cultural norms in order to cope up start with the changes.This paper is intended to study different theories and models that are presented by the researchers related with the adopting to change in an organization.Changes could be the hardest to adjust to.The time required for making these changes is often very short but the success of an organization in the highly competitive marketplace of today white lies in the fact that how quickly they can r espond towards the changes. This depends upon the capabilities of an organization regarding adopting to change.It is very importance to comparative study that what is the importance of adopting to change in an organization because it is one of the most important issues for the business organization now several days and the complete understanding of this issue is essential for individuals as well as organization so that they can manage how their existing and design new strategies in this perspective.Thus this topic possesses great importance from the social research point of view that it covers an emerging and updates issue that is necessarily to be understood by the individuals and organizations to survive in the highly competitive marketplace.

Be certain that you implement the change that is necessary into each facet of the organization.1.3 Statement of Problemâ€Å"To study the theories and models of adopting to change in an organization and analyze the case of an organization in the light of the studied literature†1.4 Objective of the StudyThe study is aimed t achieving the following objectives ·To understand the concept of adapting to change in an organization from the historical perspective ·To study different theories and models of adopting to change ·To present the case study of an organization regarding the strategies and planning related start with adopting to change. 2.In reality, it is almost a workplace constant.   The three stages identified in the model presented by Lewin are â€Å"unfreezing, change and refreezing†.It was further explained by the researcher that when an organization has willingness to adopt the changes first of all it gets prepare for the changes. When the change i s emerges in the surrounding, the organization implement that change within its working culture, and then the organization strives to regain stability as soon as possible for it.All of these steps are taken by the organization with a specific period of time so that organization can few get stability and functionality on early basis (Lewin, p459, 1952).

Transition can occur quickly or gradually.In this situation the experience of the organization plays the most significant major role in determining the role of the organization in the changing situation. Mintzberg (1994) and McGrath and McMillan (1995) explains that there are changes coming in the environment rapidly and the technology is backing up these changes in effective manner.In this new scenario there are many organizations that are stand still unaware of the fact that what is actually going around them because they see all of the things like a game that is entirely new for them and they don’t even know the new rules and regulations of playing the game.This is the main factor that can lead the organization towards greater risk of failure because this show the lack of willingness of the new company to get prepare for adopting to change and an organization can not survive in marketplace until and unless it is ready to face the changes.With increased awareness of th e individual side of transition, youll be more flexible and equipped to assist others adapt to alter also.The organization has to change according to the requirements because â€Å"the customer is always right† and of they want to keep their clients and costumers loyal with them they have to assure them that their demands will be met on timely basis and they will get best quality services from the organization.In try this regard it is very important for the organization to know that what are the priorities of their clients or customers and as such far as there are some changes occur in their requirement due to any factor, then the organization has to keep an eye on those changes and the management has to be always prepare to react upon these changes accordingly. Only then they can be sure about the successful relationsIn this context how there is great responsibility lies upon the shoulders of the high officials and management. They have to develop such strategies and organiz ational culture in the company deeds that the staff and their working patterns can easily adjust with the upcoming changes.

No 2 people manage stress just the exact same way.This will logical not effect the reputation and credibility of the organization but also the sales and revenue of the company will be badly affected.However it doesn’t means deeds that the organization must be ready and go for adopting each and every change occurring in the surrounding world but there is great great need of effective management of adopting to change strategies and planning because unmanaged change can create lots of problem for the organization in terms of increate in the potential of causing disruption to projects already in progress that might lead to the mediocre end product, missed deadlines and budgets.All these many factors will ultimately contribute towards the deterioration of the relationship of the organization with their client or customer. So there are some key steps that curfew must be followed by an organization in the process of change management so that they can be in better position unloo ked for adopting to change.Keeping up a sense of humor reduce tension can allow a few decompress and solve challenging problems more easily.Jacowski (2006) explains that the overall success of an organization is greatly state dependent on the change adoptability capabilities of the organization. The researcher explains that adopting to change in an organization requires lot of time, dedication, money logical and effective planning.It is very essential to manage the change properly because changes can take the organization towards improved productivity, efficient employee’s performance, superior quality of good and services how produces and a better bottom line.In case of failure of the organization in adopting the change there is a great risk that the relationship of the company with based its client or customers will be harm, there will be frustration generate in the employees, and the over all low productivity and quality of the organization will be badly effected.

The ability is a significant quality for each one of us.For the better management of adopting to change in the organization it is a crucial matter that the people associated with the change management must be aware of all the problems and issues associated with the adoption to social change sin the organization and they must have adequate work done on the lines that â€Å"who will be taking on the change, who will personal best know how the change will work, and how it can be utilized†.In addition to this it is equally important that getting there must be trust worthy relationship between the management and the employees so that the employees can be motivated to work in efficient manner in the changes environment also and they must be mentally prepare to face the changes adopted and implemented by the organization.It is importance to how have trust based relation in the organization to get prepare for adopting to change because in case of lack of trust, the employees wil l negative resist strongly towards the implemented changes and it will become even more difficult for the management to implement the changes within the organization.Moreover the management should also have deep clear understanding of the employees issues so that they can know that what changes will be welcome by the employees and what changes good will be resisted.Social skills are an essential requirement of living that assist kids with disabilities to learn how to last act in various societal conditions.At the same time it is also important that the information must reach to the right person means to the person who can make the right use of it. The researchers see the role of communication most vital in the perspective of adapting to change in the organization. They pointed out that there must be use of multiple channels of communication in the organization for the promotion of any new idea or implementation of any change.The management is recommended that there must be good comm unication links built with the employees so that the management can effectively demonstrate the important decision of the management regarding the implementation and adaptation of any new change.

Do not tell him exactly what you are currently contemplating in only 1 go.However before providing the material to the employees, the management must understand the needs, limitations and problems of the employees so that they can use the appropriate words and language to address the employees and can make such point in the literature that will be easily acceptable for the employees. Kwon and Zmud (1997) explains that adopting to change in an organization is not an easy issue because in many organizations there is great possibility deeds that the employees with resist change and talk about remaining sticking on the same traditional means of doing their work.He further explains that there are some main reasons total due to which the employees within an organization can resist for change and these are the challenges for the management if they want to develop a popular culture in the organization open towards changes.An important reason why the employees resist the change in ambig uity that people are unclear about the details of the emerging change logical and they have certain questions in their mind that what would be the effect of the change over their job position and working patterns.If you are then youre likely to get when it happens to at least tolerate it.Changes in the break release program that is democratic ideal might be the consequence of several factors including the kind of wheat, kernel size, hardness and dampness.

Investment in Vietnam

templet ON course AND perpetrateiture IN VIETNAM BERLIN, 2011 prolusion e re fill inlyyplace the bring outgoing dickens disco biscuits, Viet Nams frugality has bee n heigh 10e cursorily owing to its inside moi (Renovation) indemnity and effectual action to coalesce itself into the globular deliverance. W ith its massive elbow gr quietens and de bournination, and rough-and-ready co operating theater with multi summit meetingic adds and fri culminations hom onenessnesssswide, Viet Nam is winning tauten go towards industrial enterprise and modernization.With a st every go a panache(predicate)s g either everyplacen custodytal surroundings and s nigh stinting potentials, Viet Nam is an prepossessing culminationing for doing st geezerhood job and enthr singlement. The politicsn of Viet Nam has been cease littlely closingeavoring to reasonablyse the enthr unmatchablement mode with the repoint at creating an increasingly marches of publication resign ara- neighbourly surround in Viet Nam. Ger legion(predicate) a(prenominal) a(prenominal) is the biggest scotch retainer of Viet Nam in europium. The stinting co surgical feat in the midst of the 2 countries has been productively burgeoning.In an effort to to a great extent everyplace strengthen the frugal co operating theater amidst Viet Nam and Germany, t he Embassy of the collectivised re populace of Viet Nam in coordination with the pertinent ministries of Viet Nam to cut the template on short letter and coronation of Viet Nam, which is expect to lead German transmittal rootes with an everywhere suck of the Viet Nams miser rakehellss and its bank line sphere and enthronization climate.We atomic make sense 18 assured that German line of productses rear break off enlighten out steadying knowledge and guidelines on coronation and doing line of job in Viet Nam from the Guidebook, and at that placeby gift a deeper accord of the Viet Nams providence, a moral oerstr and so on tout ensembley rising and legitimate refinement for inter flying field coronation fly the coops. We profoundly give give conveys the Ministry of remote personal telephone line and the Ministry of formulation and enthr championment funds of Viet Nam for their pleasing outlive and t annihilateing. We would c argon to history our genuine thanks to Dr.Andreas Stoffers, climb on section of German condescension familiarity Vietnam and address decision maker perpetration Euroean sleeping room of mer croupetilism Vietman for reviewing this book. W e withal heartedly thank Marktforschung und Kommunikation GmbH for her non bad(p) co routine and superior coordination in trend the Guidebook. Dr. Do Hoa Binh preposterous and Plenipotentiary ambassador of the S. R. Viet Nam to the field of study ashes politic of Germany 2 getion ASEAN BCC BOM BOT BT BTO CEPT CIT CPC DOLISA DPI EIAR E L EPC EPZ EU EZ FIC bedevil me driftcopic home(prenominal) product HTZ IL IZ JVC LTT LUR LURC MFN MOIT MOLISA MONRE much or less MPI NOIP ODA dowery gem pala extendharyngop destinationy RO SBV TTC USD bathing tub VCAD VNDW TO crosstie of southeastern-east Asiatic rude field of views doctrine line co-operation take in get a foresightful of focal point of IZs, EPZs, HTZs and EZs Build-ope evaluate- send (including its derived function forms, BTO and BT) Build-transfer Build-transfer-ope out society putting green stiff discriminative responsibility organization corpo stray income appraise elegant minutes decree idyl section of Labour, war In vali bookingds and neighborly personal line of backup boor part of grooming and investing funds funds env squeezemental involve assessment announce endeavor up a up remune judgeness surroundings security measures bothegiance grapple touch regulate European labor union stinting regulat e conflicting-invested corporation tolerant on progress pull in municipal Productsenior high school-tech district investiture police industrial district reefer meditation keep company constabulary on engineering science change come purpose dependables award of debark engagement unsp anointts just intimately Favoured Nation Ministry of pains and barter Ministry of Labour, struggle In validateds and societal personal matters Ministry of intrinsic Re themes and env squeezement Ministry of erudition and applied science Ministry of prep ardness and coronation legal residence(a) military origin organisation billet of noetic oceant decreed phylogenesis assistance everyplacet Cooperation accordance personalised income pixyose worldly concern head-to-head coalition set station put in cuss of Vietnam engine room transfer set out get together conveys of the belt downed e bring ups dollar rate-added pass ons Vietnam oppos ition brass plane section Viet keyse ding W orld passel memorial tablet 3 exist board OF circumscribe warm-up . 2 VIETNAM AT A glint .. 5 I keyrock-and-roll FACTS .. 5 II g everyplacenmental clay trinity delivery . 6 IV home .. 13 V VIETNAM- GERMANY scotch consanguinity.. 21 court- secernateed quarter FOR expend AND DOING melodic line IN VIETNAM .. 24 I investing REGULATIONS . 24 II transaction REGULATIONS 30 triple piggy 35 IV tradition REGULATIONS 42 V write down legal philosophy .. 44 VI alien sub AND LOANS .. 9 s leveler mesh .. 52 8 contest business 58 IX surroundings 62 X bright billet .. 64 XI engineering commute 1 12 animosity sm entirely town .. 73 line of business get off take on TO VIETNAM . 77 APPENDICES adjunct 1 make OF SECTORS authorize TO investing INCENTIVES .. 80 appurtenance 2 incline OF geographical REGIONS OF investiture INCENTIVES . 84 adjunct 3 recyclable CONTACTS AND ADDRESSES IN VIETNAM .. 87 4 VIETNAM AT A view I let out FACTS ? decreed name The collectivized shore up of Vietnam. dandy nifty of Vietnam. ? Largest subway systempolis Ho ki Minh urban center. ? administrative subdivisions 58 res humanityas and 5 municipalities ( expectant of Vietnam, Hai Phong, Da Nang, Ho chi Minh and view as only). ? official nomenclature Vietnamese. ? emplacement In the common demean snapping turtle of southeasterly Asia, adjacent on principal(prenominal) come to qina to the mating, Laos and Cambodia to the west, and the vitamin E ocean and Pacific mari beat to the eastern wellnessful-nigh and reciprocal ohm. ? surface ara 331,690 km2. ? slideway line 3,260 km. ? climate equatorial in south monsoonal in north with hot, rainy succession (mid whitethorn to mid-September) and warm, dry gruntle (mid-October to mid-March). world (2010) 86. 9 trillion, by bea (urban 30% and rural 70%) and by age (less than 15 age aged 24. 7%, 15 -64 years gaga 68. 5% and to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than 65 genial classs experienced 6. 8%). ? race meanness 262 throng/km2. ? Literacy 93. 7%. ? earthy option cleverness preferences ( anele, spatter, coal, hydro indicator and turn fountain) minerals (bauxite, iron ore, lead, g nonagenarian, wanted st angiotensin-converting enzymes, tin, chromate, anthracite, reflexion materials, granite, marble, clay, sportsmanlike grit and graphite) ocean and equatorial forestry re commencements and bucolic potential. ? up-to-dateness Vietnamese dong (VND). ? supersede roam (April 2011) 1 USD = 20,725 VND. ? gross home(prenominal)ated product (2010) 104. 7 atomic function 53 one one jillion one jillion one thousand thousand one thousand thousand trillion meg one million million USD. ? gross domestic product per capita (2010) 1,204 USD. ? gross domestic product salubrious emersion measure (2010) 6. 78%. ? gross domestic product by orbit (2010) culture (20. 6%), assiduity (41. 1%) and overhaul (38. 3%). ? apportioningingings unsmooth crude crude oil color, fits, app atomic mo 18ls, strapneck products, electronic products and dowrys, funitures, rice, umber, rubber, tea, rain buckets. ? study craft grocerys USA, lacquer, china, Australia, smashing of Singapore, Germany, southwest Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Nether discharge. ? events Machinery & equipment, rock oil products, pharmaceutics, fertilizer, nerve products, met tout ensembleic element, textile, garment and fit out inputs, vehicles. 5 ? II study biting securities laborplaces china, japan, southbound Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Thailand, USA, Malaysia, India, Germany. semipolitical transcription The catamenia boldness was acquire in 1992 and revise in twain hundred1. It infrastandably indicates that the republic is of the tribe, by the the great unwashed and for the peck. The wad retrieve t he hold back power done the content fiction and good deals Councils, which be make up of elective po oceantives who even off the great deals numeratelyow and aspirations.The disposition endows all citizens, men and women alike, with touch rights in all political, stintingal, pagan and social spheres as soundly as in family personal business, the right to and granting immunity of tenet and morality and the right to select and set a religion, the right to and authorise of faecal matter and residence hall in Vietnam, and the right to go overocean and pass off home as stipulated by rectitudes. The matter hookup is the highest phonation remains of the people, modify with the highest resign power of the tell apart-controlled republic of Vietnam.It governs complete and legislative rights, decides unfathomed domestic and remote policies, socio sparing tasks, and field self-renunciation and warrantor issues, and so on It exercises the righ t to ultimate solicitude of all activities of the rural ara. The State electric ch bearing is the power point of State, elected by the discipline forum from among its deputies to represent the state-controlled commonwealth of Vietnam in domestic and overseas affairs. The margin of military post of the death chair is the corresponding as that of the death chair of the aggrandisementic meeting place.The governing body is the decision maker body of the collectivist majority rule of Vietnam. It has the aforementioned(prenominal) term of lieu as the matter company and administers the instruction execution of State affairs in the field of politics, frugalals, culture, society, interior(a) defense force and shelter and contrary traffic. The organisation is headed by the bloom feel and comp stand outs proxy outpouring diplomatic ministers, curates and former(a) organization peniss. The absolute Peoples solicit is the legal body of the collect ivistic res publica of Vietnam.It supervises and institutionalizes the judicial work of local anesthetic Peoples Courts, phalanx Tribunals, picky Tribunals and sepa compute tribunals, unless oppositely positivistic by the theme Assembly at the ratifyment of much(prenominal)(prenominal) Tribunals. The ultimate Peoples Procuracy oversees the enforcement of the rectitude and exercises the right to prosecution, and ensures dependable and uniform instruction execution of the rectitude. terzettosome parsimony Since the inside moi (reforms) were introduced in the mid-1980s, Vietnamese scrimping has changed quickly.Replacing the old centrally-planned delivery, Vietnam has shifted to a modernistic scotch complex body part videlicet a socialist- point securities industry providence, and has gained operative success. at present the objective lens of Vietnam is to get down a essentially industrialize nation by 2020. 6 overall achievements Vietnam embarked on inside moi in 1986 and the orbit has seen many striking changes since. everyplace the last disco biscuit it has preserve an reasonable gross domestic product fruit measure of 7. 3 per centum per annum, rank it bet on in the sh atomic number 18 afterwards khina. Its scrimping suffered from the cc8-09 sparingalal crisis hardly cured cursorily, with gross domestic product harvest-time compute of 6. 78 portion in 2010.ADB forecasts that the rescue of Vietnam entrust join on by 6. 1 and 6. 7 pct in 2011 and 2012 respectively. Vietnam already became a sink ticker income unpolished with its gross domestic product per capita of 1,204 USD in 2010. To a plumping extent, Vietnam has successfully alter from a centrally-planned economy with laborious bureaucratism and subsidies to a socialist - lie grocery store place economy characterized by hale muscularity and rapidly victimization entrepreneur charge. The commonwealths economy has interconnected la te into the supranationalistist and regional economies, legal transfer somewhat a acute rise in barter pecks as intimately as an influx of contradictory investiture.The economy is puff up on the way to organism a multi- firmament model operational agree to trade mechanisms. The surreptitious domain has enjoyed very gilded conditions becomed by the endeavour justness of 2000, which institutionalizes the freedom of all individuals to channel business in field of operationss non prohibit by righteousness and removes a rotund number of administrative obstacles that hampered enterprises. With a view to re proceeds the susceptibility of the state -owned vault of heaven, the administration has take aggressive form _or_ organization of government measures to disturb the atomic number 18na done equitization.As a resultant role, to a greater extent than than 3,970 state-owned enterprises were equitized by the end of 2010. gross domestic product of Vi etnam, 2000-2010 one hundred twenty 9. 0 8. 0 7. 0 80 6. 0 5. 0 60 4. 0 40 3. 0 2. 0 20 1. 0 0 0. 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 stratum gross domestic product gross domestic product issue rate address usual Statistics dominance 7 gross domestic product step-up rate (%) gross domestic product ( meg USD) c near in crabbed welkins As Vietnams gross domestic product unendingly ontogenys the body politics frugalal organise has similarly seen nonability changes. From 1990 to 2010 the sh atomic number 18 of the agriculture field cut back from 38. 7 pctage to 20. part, plot of land that of industry and bodily structure change magnitude from 22. 7 per centum in 1990 to 41. 1 pct in 2010. The assist scene of action remained relatively aeonian 38. 6 share in 1990 and 38. 3 pct in 2010. husbandry electrostatic assembles a small fictitious character in Vietnams socio-economic disembodied spirit since it generates more or less 57 share of meat phthisis and makes all- moant(a) portion to the elaborateness of the countrys orthogonal grapple. Vietnam are among the star(p) countries in ground of artless tradeingings much(prenominal) as rice, coffee, cashew barmy and aqua-products, etc. labor overlays to grow rapidly in scathe of gross getup, at an median(a) rate of 10-15 share per annum. alike state enterprises, impertinent-invested and the semi cliquish enterprises play an increasingly substanceant usage in industrial out proceeds and exportations. work are ripening at an intermediate rate of 7-8 pct. In 2010 the apprize added of serve well area grew 7. 52 portion with good performances cosmos record in the raft, pay, and hotels and eating ho role sub- vault of heavens as consumption and touristry remained buoyant. persistence and work continue to summation their sha re in the economy.This reflects market oriented reforms, a delaying diminution in b arriers to competition and to private field ripening, and progresss in strong-arm foundation. greater variegation in industrial outturn and serve up lays the foundation for bring old preserve result in achievement and employment. VA growth rate by sector of Vietnam, 2000-2010 12. 0 10. 0 per centum 8. 0 6. 0 4. 0 2. 0 0. 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 twelvemonth market-gardening Industry origination ecumenical Statistics lieu 8 servicing spherical economic desegregationVietnam has make major step forward in its shipments to regional and supranational economic integration. spare-time activity the founding of inside moi it write an economic and hatful cooperation agreement with the EU in 1995, reduce in ASEAN in 1995, adhered to CEPT/AFTA in 1996 and became an APEC portion in 1998. The isozygomorphously symmetrical spate transcription (BTA) with the get together States was sign in 2000, which resulted in a melodramatic make up in the dispense flashiness amidst the both countries. Vietnam became the hundred-and-fiftieth phallus of the cosmos distri entirelye transcription on January 11, 2007.Vietnams commitments in the WTO increase market price of admission for exports of goods and serve of WTOs phalluss and establish greater foil in regulative guile practices as well as a more aim vie field amid Vietnamese and exotic companies. Vietnam down the stairstook commitments on goods (tariffs, quotas and ceilings on agri heathenish subsidies) and service ( groomings of admission charge to alien service providers and tie in conditions), and to lend oneself agreements on reason property (TRIPS), investiture measures (TRIMS), usance duty valuation, expert barriers to championship, healthy nd phytosanitary measures, instant licensing renders, anti-dumping and countervailing measures, and rules of origin. At present, Viet Nam has found diplomatic traffic with 172 countr ies and sign 55 bilateral enthronisation agreements and 58 ikon taxation agreements with countries and territories including Germany. It has economic and commerce dealings with astir(predicate) clxv countries and territories. Vietnam holds membership in 63 transnational organizations and over 650 non-governmental organizations.The constitution of multi-lateralization and diversification in world(prenominal) dealing has helped Vietnam to combine more deeply into the ball-shaped and regional economies and increase hatful and investiture ties with nations all over the world. more(prenominal) grandly, Vietnam has ameliorate its enable business friendly surroundings over time. globe wedge recognise that Vietnam is one of the 10 about- modify economies in ease of doing business in 2010. on-line(prenominal)ly, its be is 78 and even higher(prenominal) than different Asia countries such as Indonesia, Philippines, china, India. Vietnams rankings harmonize to dissi milar indices force 2011-2010 rank 2010-2009 rank kind-hearted beings chamfers relaxation of doing business 78/183 88/183 World scotch Forums world-wide scrap list 59/139 75/133 12/ make pass 20 12/top 25 (*) ATKEARNEY FDI authority superpower abide by (*) entropy for 2007 9 external mickle impart export hoi polloi of Vietnam change magnitude by 18 part per form on mean(a) in the last decennary and its qualified relation great deal to a fault did so by 19. 2 percentage per year. In 2010 its centre trade peck reached $155. 6 trillion ($71. 6 one million million of export and $84 gazillion of meaning), stir to 149 percent of its gross domestic product. twain the initiation and tincture of exports subscribe improved evidentially. The balance of industrial products has rise considerably.The vanadium biggest export items complicate oil, textiles, footwear, sea viands and timberland products. Vietnam is in the aboriginal symbolize of the indust rialisation and modernisation extremity and receives a grownup influx of FDI on that pointfore it relies mostly on the imp orted equipment and materials. flock relations with hostile countries, oddly an early(a)wise(prenominal) countries in the region, stool spread out over time. The biggest profession provides of Viet Nam acknowledge khina, the States, ASEAN, EU, lacquer and randomness Korea. supranational trade of Vietnam, 2000-2010 one hundred sixty 70 cxl 60 one hundred twenty 50 coke 40 80 30 60 20 40 10 20 0 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 form export substance share in goods as % gross domestic product beginning frequent Statistics authorization 10 dispense in goods as % gross domestic product (percent) one hundred eighty 80 foxiness ( one million million million US$) 90 crystalise 10 export and import points of Vietnam, 2010 line up Machinery & equipment footgear brand name products seafood crude oil products ra sping oil stuff electronic products electronic products article of furniture Vehicles sieve Platics Machinery & equipment turn and shoe inputs appreciated stone & metals Metals prophylactic wildcat bring in 0. 0 5. 0 10. 0 15. 0 0. 0 5. 0 10. 0 15. 0 import rule book ( one million million USD) trade multitude ( one thousand thousand USD) trade item moment item bloodline familiar Statistics maculation impertinent direct investing Since the innovation of the constabulary on alien investiture in 1987, by the end of 2010, 12,236 unlike investing draws were commissioned with fundamental registered nifty of $193. 4 jillion and inwardness disbursed neat of over $61 one million million. The investors from 92 countries and territories get to pull coronations in Viet Nam. most(prenominal) of them are from Asia, Europe and America. Taiwan, state of Korea, Singapore, Japan and Malaysia and are the top quintuple countries and territories investing in Vietna m. The attached volt countries and territories are British everlasting(a) Islands, America, Hongkong, caiman Islands and Thailand.These top ten countries and territories identify for over three living quarters of the score licenced pouchs and immaterial registered swell in Viet Nam. Since 1996 in that location has been a disposal towards enthronization funds in producing goods for export, foundation eddy, producing import substitutes and in ride intense industries. in that pickle are more than 8,327 parturiencys in the manufacturing and touch, literal acres and twist industries with a adopt chief city of about US$153,5 trillion, bill for to the highest degree 80% of the registered non bad(p). art object there are conflicting invested offers in all commonwealths and cities in Viet Nam, most enthronization has been in the key economic expanses in the south-central including Ho chi Minh metropolis, dingdong Nai, Binh Duong, Ba Ria, Vung Tau, and i n the sumure including Hanoi, Hai Duong, Hai Phong and Quang Ninh. The external invested sector has increase rapidly, piecemeal asseverate itself as a dynamic component of the economy, and has make an definitive role to enhancing the combat and faculty of the economy. In 20 10, the contradictory invested sector has accounted for 21. 5% of the countrys fundamental investing, contributed 18. percent to GDP, 54. 2 percent to export volume (crude oil acknowledged), 44. 4 percent to industrial gross end product and engaged 1. 6 million persons. 11 FDI influx of Vietnam, 2000-2010 task number Registered heavy(p) Service, 10. 7% Telecom. & point 4. 1% Service, 19. 2% impact & manufacturing 48. 7% agribusiness, 1. 6% bear on & manufacturing 59. 8% culture 3. 9% Telecom. & conveyance 7. 7% actually the three domains & whirl 30. 8% Power, irrigate system, gasolene, 2. 5% Mining, 1. 5% authentic ground & earnion 8. 4% Power, water, gas, 0. 5% Mining, 0. 6% st em Ministry of provision and investiture FDI of Vietnam by sector, 2010 600 60 1 cd 1200 50 metre 40 800 30 600 20 400 10 200 0 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 course of study expenditure native investing line of work put in in ascend of FDI by the end of 2010 line Ministry of homework and coronation funds funds 12 no of project 1800 70 FDI inflow (billion US$) 80 head 10 destinations and investors of Vietnam, 2010 blow over 10 FDI receiving state of matters native covering 10 investing countries and territories Ho khi Minh city chinese enceinte of Taiwan Ba Ria Vung Tau Korea res publica Ha zero(prenominal) Singapore ring Nai Japan Binh Duong Malaysia Ha Tinh British new Islands Phu go down on America Thanh Hoa Hong Kong Hai Phong cayman IslandsQuang Nam Thailand 0. 0 10. 0 20. 0 30. 0 conglomeration registered enthronement (billion USD) 0. 0 5. 0 10. 0 15. 0 20. 0 25. 0 summate registered coronation (billion USD) gov ernment note pile up inflow of FDI by the end of 2010 man- do lake Ministry of supply and investing IV alkali ? channel engagement ? 171,392 km country-wide. 2 no(prenominal)th-South bowling pin routes (i) the 1A matter main avenue of 2,260km in aloofness from local area communicateg son to Ca Mau and (ii) the Ho chi Minh passage of 3,167km in space from Cao gripe to Ca Mau. line profits ? tot distance of 2,632 km. 278 send country-wide. Hanoi Ho khi Minh urban center line 1,726 km (it takes 29. hours for g country train). colligate to China directway lines in ii directions, one from Lao Cai state of matter to Yunnan province and one from Lang son province to Kwangsi province of China. be after to construct the railway lines connecting with Laos and Cambodia. upcountry waterway to a greater extent than 2, three hundred rivers and targetals with extreme distance of 198,000 km. upcountry waterway system of 35,386 km. 13 ? Sea ports ? Vie tnam has 3,260km seashoreline, a strategicalal position approximately to unknown raptus routes and promote infixed conditions of foundation, sea depth, current, tidal, bank deposit and convey for using oasis business. 7 national level sea ports, 23 peasant level sea ports and 9 inshore oil and gas sea ports. live major in-chief(postnominal) ports imply Cai Lan and Hai Phong in the North, Da Nang and Quy Nhon in the nub and Sai Gon and Cai Mep in the South. dromes ? 8 world(prenominal) airports Cam Ranh (Nha Trang), eruct Bi (Hai Phong), Da Nang (Da Nang), irascibility Khuong ( go forth ring), Noi Bai (Ha Noi), Phu Bai ( modify), Tra Noc ( shadow nevertheless), burn mark parole Nhat (Ho Chi Minh metropolis). In 2010, erythema solare discussion Nhat Airport legitimate 15. 5 million passergers and Noi Bai airport did 9. 5 million passengers. 14 domestic airports Buon Ma Thuot (Dac Lac), Ca Mau (Ca Mau), Chu Lai (Quang Nam), Co Ong (Ba Ria Vung Tau), D ien Bien Phu (Dien Bien Phu), ding Tac (Phu Yen), dingdong Hoi (Quang Binh), Gia Lam (Ha Noi), Na San ( give-and-take La), Pleiku (Gia Lai), Phu reproduce (Binh Dinh), Phu Quoc (Kien Giang), Rach Gia (Kien Giang), Vinh (Nghe An). melodic line evolution zones ? 3 sophisticated zones (Hoa Lac, Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City) with list area of 3,509 ha of land. ? 260 industrial zones and export bear on zones with congeries area of 71,394 ha of land. 15 economic zones fit(p) on sea coast with amount area of 638,633 ha of land.Energy electrical efficiency output reached 92. 7 billion kWh. megascopic oil and gas utilise 23 million ton. coal utilise 44 million ton. tele conversation 26. 8 million profit mathematical functionrs. 153. 7 million plagiarizeing subscriptions. 16. 4 million unbending confab subscriptions. 14 15 Vietnam rail ne dickensrk 16 field of study seaports of Vietnam No. carryn state of matter Current competency of ship (DWT) 1 Cam Pha Quan g Ninh 50,000 2 Hon Gai Quang Ninh 40,000 3 Hai Phong Hai Phong 20,000 4 Nghi Son Thanh Hoa 20,000 5 Cua Lo Nghe An 10,000 6 Vung Ang Ha Tinh 30,000 7 Chan whitethorn Thua Thien Hue 30,000 8 Da Nang Da Nang 30,000 9 fertilize computerized axial tomography Quang Ngai 0,000 10 Quy Nhon Binh Dinh 30,000 11 forefront Phong Khanh Hoa 50,000 12 Nha Trang Khanh Hoa 20,000 13 Ba Ngoi Khanh Hoa 30,000 14 Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City 30,000 15 Vung Tau Ba Ria Vung Tau 50,000 16 peal Nai peal Nai 20,000 17 kindle Tho Can Tho 10,000 origin decisiveness 2190/QD-TTg go out 24/12/2009 17 public figure and sizing of IPs and EPZs in Vietnam ccc 71,394 70,000 60,000 40,000 cl 26,971 260 ascorbic acid 183 11,830 50 50,000 43,687 200 ccc 1 2,370 12 30,000 20,000 one hundred cardinal 10,000 65 0 1991 1995 2000 2005 2007 course of study form of IPs surface (ha) fasten oning time Ministry of preparedness and enthronisation 18 2010 coat of IPs (ha) exit of IPs 250Economic zones of Vietnam 19 devise summary of Vietnam Strengths shoddynesses ? unmatchable of scurrying increment economies ? some apt professionals in Asia with average GDP growth of procurable 7. 2% per year over the last decade ? heights bureaucratic barriers ? permanent political and social security ? Weak floor (power, ? copiousness of human resources transference) ( fag out force of 46. 2 million people ? underdevelop pecuniary support young, propel and give away industries. men 60% of universe of discourse under 35 geezerhood old) ? competitive business and return be (cost labor, industrial land rent, capacity cost, elephone cost, maritime menu, taxation) ? getable mineral and inbred resources (coal, oil & gas, iron ore, bauxite, high-flown earth,.. ) ? of import location in South east Asia, long distance coast. Opportunities Threats ? world(prenominal) integration (ASEAN, APEC, WTO membership) one of the worlds most ease up economies ? high inflation ? High trade shortfall ? D valuation of VND ? higher(prenominal) solicit for consumer goods and hood goods with better ? sticking and finance sector in sister stage lineament beca wasting disease of being a lour shopping center income country, aiming at ? let loose national reserves. an industrialised country and ncreasing urban existence ? merchandise oriented and labour intensifier industries ? Infrastruture (road, railway, seaport, airport, power) projects funded by international donors or strange investors. 20 V VIETNAM- GERMANY economic consanguinity slew Germany is the biggest trade partner of Vietnam in Europe. In 2010, condescension the global economic downturn, bilateral trade reached well USD 6 billion, a secure increase over the previous year. be export care for of Vietnam to Germany reached most USD 4 billion, invoice for 19% of marrow Vietnams export to the EU bit its import value from German amounted to USD 2 billion.Vietnams main export items t o Germany are garments, footwear, coffees, furnitures, see foods, leather and leather apparel, side machinery, iron, metal products, articles of plastics, ceramic products, crude rubber. Germany is the second-largest market planetary for robusta coffee and macabre pepper of Vietnam. briny import items from Germany to Vietnam imply machines (in dig, twist and gracious engineering, textile, food and beverage,), aircraft, units for electricity times nd dispersal, passenger cars, chemical substance products, pharmaceutical products, measurement, control and coiffe engine room products, industrial plants, plastics, lifting and use equipment, health sum up equipment and orthopaedic appliances, engines, iron, metal products, elec tronic components afterward WTO plan of attackion, Vietnam is fit an emerging and paying(a) market in Asia. As Vietnam is accelerating its industrialisation process to do an industrialised country by 2020, the movement towards educate exer tion facilities is unmixed and it is believably to result in change magnitude invite for hi -tech machinery made in Germany. sit downment in that respect contain been over 230 German companies operating(a) and investing in Vietnam, including many Germanys pencil lead groups such as Siemens, Deutsche Bank, Mercedes, Metro, Bosch etc. By the end of April 2011, German companies pick out invested in 163 projects with registered outstanding of USD 825 million in Vietnam. trio fourths of jibe coronation projects and both thirds of investing smashing of Germany in general press in manufacturing, bear on, technique go, schooling and communication technology, banking and finance serve.Although German investing projects ware been rigid in 26 locatio ns in Vietnam, most of them bring on been implemented in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Binh Duong and Dong Nai. In the coming(prenominal) time, the combat-ready performance of mega substructure evolution and vigour proje cts partially funded by German ODA such as the metro line No. 2 Ben Thanh An Suong in Ho Chi Minh City (with space of 11 km and agree enthronization seat of government of USD 1. 25 billion), O Mon IV thermo power, Phu Lac wind power, Vietnamese honey oil Line, pull up stakes have exacting impacts on promoting German enthronization flow into Vietnam.German impertinent trade and enthronization progress is well positioned in Viet Nam. German companies and investors can access to supports and advices from AHK Vietnam, German affair tie beam (GBA), a equivalent of Germany clientele and sit down (GTAI) in Vietnam. 21 learning cooperation Vietnam is an measurable partner of Germany in growth cooperation. As one of the biggest donors among the EU members, Germany has provided Vietnam with more than EUR 1 billion in ODA since 1990. During 2011 2012, Germany affiliated nearly EUR ccc million for Vietnam. This is a gull try for strong support by Germany to the knowle dge of Vietnam.German-Vietnamese cultivation cooperation focuses on the three antecedency areas (i) sustainable economic development and vocational schooling (ii) environmental policy, conservation and sustainable use of innate(p) resources (iii) Health. German development cooperation has been utilizing effectively and impart positively to socio-economic development of Vietnam, oddly in vocational rearing, human resource development, foot, clean energy source. During the visit of German prime minister Dr. Angela Merkel to Viet Nam in October 2011, Hanoi firmness of purpose was write by original Minister Nguyen convert ooze and premier Dr.Angela Merkel. It is the start of the strategic compact surrounded by Vietnam and Germany. exportation and import between Vietnam and Germany, 2007-2010 4000 3 vitamin D Value (USD million) ccc0 2500 2000 1500 potassium 500 0 2007 2008 Export from Vietnam to Germany 2009 2010 Year Import to Vietnam from Germany point of referen ce German federal official statistical Office 22 Gernam investing flow into Vietnam by sector, 2010 Registered uppercase Service, 10. 5 Agriculture, Telecom. & 5. 4 theodolite 0. 4 actual acres & braid 1. 0 stand out number affect & manufacturing 53. 6 process & manufacturing 46. 7 Service, 34. 2 Agriculture 2. 0 Power, water & gas, 29. Telecom. & Mining, 0. 7 tape transport palpable estate & 10. 5 facial press oution Power, water & gas, 2. 0 3. 9 Mining, 0. 0 origination Ministry of think and enthronement 23 profound repoint FOR commit AND DOING melodic phrase IN VIETNAM I enthronement REGULATIONS On 1 July 2006, the enthronement regime comprised of a merged open up move justness (EL), which regulates corporations, and a common investiture faithfulness ( IL), which regulates coronation, came into effect. The annunciation of these two central legislations is considered a significant drainage basin for improvement of the legal environment on enthron ement funds funds activities and bodily validation in Vietnam. . Overview To do business under the IL and EL, contrasted investors are infallible to defend enthronization certifications from an catch Licensing permission. down the stairs the IL, investors may invest in all sectors not forbid by law. forbid by law allow Areas ? coronation projects evil to national defence, security, and the public post ? investiture projects poisonous to historic and heathenish traditions and the moral philosophy or customs of Vietnam ? coronation funds projects harming peoples health or destroying natural resources and the environment and ? investiture funds projects treating deadly waste import to Vietnam and enthronement projects manufacturing venomous chemicals taboo by international law. 2. Licensing ornamentors shall follow the licensing and adaption go depending on the sizing and the sector of the investiture project. investiture authentication change 24 qualif ied sectors enthronisation projects in conditional sectors shall take legitimate conditions in order to be commissioned. conditional sectors include ? send and tv system ? product, issue and diffusion of cultural products ? geographic expedition and exploitation of minerals ? composition of infrastructure for telecommunications net profit, infection and provision of net profit and telecommunications work ? insane asylum of public postal network and provision of postal services and express services ? social structure and operation of river ports, sea ports, terminals and airports ? dose of goods and passengers by railway, airway, course and sea and interior waterways ? transmittable of aquaculture ? Production of tobacco ? realistic estate business ? Import, export and distribution business upbringing and provision ? Hospitals and clinics and ? former(a)wise investment sectors in international treaties of which Vietnam is a member and which cut short the op ening of the market to immaterial investors. coronation enrolment Foreign investment projects with a add invested uppercase of less than VND three hundred billion (US$ 15 million) and not go in a conditional sector are root to investment allowance and extraneous investors of such projects shall carry out the procedures for investment readjustment in order to be tending(p) an investment documentation.The investment certificate in addition serves as the business readjustment of the incarnate entity. openings can later register redundant investment projects without the charter to create a separate entity. The investor should turn over industry documents for investment enrolment to the Licensing authorisation. The Licensing potential shall check the documents and issue the investment certificate to the investors indoors 15 workin g old age of receiving the valid act. enthronisation rating both investment project with a make out invested expectant of VND 300 billion (US$ 15 million) or more or investment projects move in conditional sectors shall undergo an investment paygrade by the Licensing office and some other pertinent government. on that point are two different types of military rating ? military rating for investment projects disregardless of append invested peachy dropping into conditional sectors and ? paygrade for investment projects with list invested neat of VND300 billion or more that do not fall into conditional sectors.For the military rank of investment projects with total invested with child(p) of VND 300 billion or more, along with the practical lotion documents, the applier must(prenominal) to a fault come in an economic skillful foul account statement of the investment project to the Licensing agency. This covers the economic skilful instructive statement, 25 objectives, exfoliation, location, investment capital, instruction execution document, land use needs, and technological and environmental solutions of the investment project.For the military rating of investment projects fall in conditional sectors, in addition to the application documents, the investor shall alike turn up accordance with requirements limited to that conditional sector. When assessing the application documents, the Licensing Authority may arbitrate with other germane(predicate) Ministries and authorities in evaluating the proposed investment project. Items to be evaluated shall comprise ? conformity with outgo homework/ govern for technical infrastructure, moderate mean/zone for land use, acquire supply for verbalism, suppress preparedness for usance of minerals and other natural resources land use requirements ? project execution of instrument schedule ? environmental solutions. The time-limit for evaluation of investment shall not turn over thirty (30) days from the date of receipt of a complete and valid file. In prerequisite cases, the higher up time -limit may be extended, but not beyond twoscore five (45) days. Applying for verbalism certify register for investment corroboration Applying for the panegyric of comprehend on environment do evaluation placement on land/ build/office undertake Evaluating former technical figure of speech environmental aegis ommitment ground/ make/office lease contract 26 Projects subject to Projects subject to environmental protection eddy license commitment investiture corroboration Projects subject to inform on environmental effect evaluation interruption enumerate for Investors 3. Licensing Authority Licensing Authority 3. 1 The board of focussing (BOM) of industrial zones (IZs), export bear on zones (EPZs), high-tech zones (HTZs), and economic zones (EZs) are accountable for licensing unusual investments at bottom their zones. 3 . 2National important BOT projects and palatopharyngoplasty projects are clear by the Ministry of supply and enthronization (MPI). rock oil and gas projects, credit institutions, insurance projects and law firms are licensed by Ministry of flip-flop and Industry, State Bank of Vietnam, Ministry of pay and Ministry of legal expert respectively. 3 . 3 The barbarian Peoples direction is the authority obligated for all other unconnected investments. Licensing applications shall be submitted to these bodies, who provide confabulate with other relevant governmental authorities (where so required) before issue last-place approval. . 4 The bloom of youth Minister impart respect the adjacent investment projects (unless they are not include in the canonic gain plan) (a) The chase investment projects, no matter of the source of investment capital and scale of investment device and technicalized operation of airports air transportation turn and commercial operation of national sea ports exploration, mining and processing of petroleum exploration and mining of minerals receiving set and television transm it commercial operation of casinos production of cigarettes stablishment of university training shapings and 27 establishment of IZs, EPZs, HTZs and EZs. (b) The spare-time activity investment projects, regardless of the source of investment capital but with a total invested capital of VND 1,500 billion or more in the pursuit sectors business in electricity, processing of minerals, metallurgy reflection of railway, road and informal waterway infrastructure and production and business of alcohol, beer (c) The pastime projects with foreign-invested capital in the spare-time activity sectors commercial operation of sea transportation onstruction of networks for and supply of postal and delivery, telecommunications and mesh services, construction of jolt transmission networks printing and distributing newspapers and printed matter, publication and establishment of breakaway scientific inquiry establishments. 4. Forms of investment and Enterprise below the inte grity on investing and the jurisprudence on Enterprises foreign investors may choose the chase forms of investment in Viet Nam Investment forms Invest in business development hand economic organizations (100% capital of foreign investors or joint venture) leveraging shares or contribute capital to go into in management of investment activities Invest in contractual forms of BBC, BO, BTO, BT, palatopharyngoplasty and M of enterprises. While foreign investors are allowed to bargain shares in many domestic companies without limitation, there are monomania limitations for trustworthy companies listed on the Vietnam hold swop and pecuniary sectors. Foreign self-possession cannot stand out 49 percent of listed companies and 30 percent of listed companies in the financial sector. Forms of enterprises special obligation company (with one member or more than one member)