Healthcare Professional Understanding and Response to Alarms

Medicinal services Professional Understanding and Response to Alarms Obstructions and Solutions for Healthcare Professionals (HP)’s comprehension and reaction to screen alerts: A writing Review Image(1) Theoretical: The caution frameworks utilized in the emergency unit are essential for quiet consideration and wellbeing. They give readings for pulse, oximetry and the shorts for the alerts are set by the individual or the maker. There have been antagonistic occasions related with cautions frameworks and as of late, it has become a genuine wellbeing peril. The motivation behind this paper is to audit the writing for medicinal services professionals’ (HP) comprehension and reaction to screen alerts in the emergency clinic and any arrangements proposed. Mohammad Omar Aziz 112120367 College Cork 24/11/2014 Presentation: The alert frameworks give readings of numerous physiological factors including pulse, respiratory rate, oximetry and the shorts for the cautions are set by the individual or the manufacturer(2). These cautions can likewise be hushed. The machine utilized in NICU in CUMH contains a Stop and Pause function(2). The Pause work hushes all caution parameters for 2 minutes, while the stop work quiets just a single specific alert parameter for 1 moment. There is likewise a setting known as ‘Extreme alarm’, which cautions the HP when the specific physiological variable has deteriorated (eg oxygen immersion has been gotten under 80% for neonates in CUMH). The purpose behind such capacities (ie stop and respite) is that an alert may not be esteemed genuine by the HP and the HP may choose to ‘wait and see’ if this is only a separated occurrence. Additionally, alerts may not be as genuine and the HP may regard it to be a ‘false positive (FP)’. This is on the grounds that the cautions are only one contribution of data for the HP and he/she considers different sources of info, for example, clinical context(3). Additionally, the patient populace itself in the ICU is to be thought of. For instance, it is basic for neonates to have scenes of tachycardia and accordingly, disconnected occurrences would not make the HP be stressed over patient. Or maybe, the cautions become troubling if the factors are not returning as far as possible (for example surveying if the alerts are proceeding to sound instead of being a disconnected incident)(2). The alerts are meant to have a high explicitness with the goal that a genuine occasion isn't missed. In any case, this can be troublesome. In a day in the ICU, this could mean 187 alerts/bed, of which larger part are bogus positive alarms(4). Another investigation found that for a heart medical procedure, around 1 caution would go off each moment and roughly 80% of the alerts had no reasonable advantage (for example no clinical activity could be taken)(5). Caution frameworks can prompt unfriendly occasions and in 2010, alert perils was among the main 10 innovation wellbeing dangers and in 2012, it had outperformed the others to turn into the main innovation wellbeing hazard(6, 7). The potential outcomes of antagonistic occasions can be deadly as one of the databases for the FDA had revealed that in a range of 3 years, from 2005 to 2008, there were 566 passings identified with screen gadget alarms(8). In Ireland (NICU in CUMH), a neonate could have been hypoxic after a drawn out period because of misconception of cautions, featuring the worldwide size of such a problem(2). OBJECTIVE: This writing audit was intended to check whether there are any papers managing HP’s comprehension and reaction to screen cautions in basic consideration setting and manners by which it is influenced. Reaction and comprehension in this paper alludes to whether the staff: (I) reacted/got mindful of the alert and (ii) completed the right reaction dependent on the caution that sounded. These explicitly are: Variables influence their reaction and comprehension Impacts of in-satisfactory reaction and comprehension Solution(s) proposed to improve reaction and comprehension Distinction in comprehension after definition: among specialists and medical attendants, between claims to fame of ICU (for example CCU versus NICU) The ends drawn from the survey will give understanding into reviews did in CUH in regards to screen alerts and answers for ‘close the review loop’. It will likewise consider correlation of HP’s understanding in CUH to others emergency clinics. Strategies: Consideration Criteria: Papers that managed the accompanying: HP’s understanding/communication with screen cautions Cautions utilized in Hospital (rather than mobile consideration) The accompanying databases were looked: PubMed, Cochrane Collaboration. Inclination was given to latest articles just as survey articles. Edited compositions were audited and on the off chance that they met incorporation models, they were perused. Channels applied: ‘English’, ‘Full Text available’, ‘Human’ Search terms entered included: ‘Monitor Alarms’, ‘Monitor alerts + Understanding’, ‘Monitor Alarms + Fatigue’, ‘Alarms’. Cochrane database yielded no articles with any of the pursuit terms, aside from ‘alarms’( which yielded articles, yet they had no pertinence to theme). RESULTS: Caution weakness and its impact on HP’s understanding Cautions, by their tendency, are set up to alarm the staff that the patient needs taking care of and have limits set up with the end goal that a genuine occasion isn't missed. Accordingly, they tend to stuffer from a high bogus positive rate (FP) and along these lines, poor positive prescient worth (PPV)(9). Clinically inconsequential as well as FP cautions extend from 80-99%(9, 10). Another examination done demonstrated the PPV to be as low as 27%(11). This adds to staff not monitoring the cautions (desensitization), doubt in the alerts and not reacting to them(3, 9). As expressed before, 566 alert related passings were accounted for to FDA from 2005 to 2008(8). Cautions can be initiated by quiet movement, which further adds to bogus alarms(12). These cases can be maintained a strategic distance from by staff quieting the alerts for a set timeframe before moving the patient(11). Because of the high FP pace of alerts, the more dependable the caution is (for example how well it predicts genuine alert), the higher the reaction will be from staff(9). Additionally, the components that decide reaction can be isolated into: natural for the alert itself and outward. Inside components are whether alert keeps on sounding or it stops to sound soon (for example caution length). Likewise, the more ‘rare’ or impossible for an alert to go off, the more it would warrant a reaction. The cutoff points set by the staff for the caution may not be fitting for the given patient bringing about having an excessive number of alerts that are not actionable(5). Outward factors to a caution are: outstanding burden, task multifaceted nature, quiet condition. The higher the outstanding burden or undertaking multifaceted nature, HP’s have a lower inclination to respond to it. The inverse is valid for the more extreme the patient’s condition is(3, 9). Arrangements proposed to improve reaction and comprehension: To decrease the high FP rate, and at last, improve alert reaction, various arrangements have been proposed in the writing. Since cautions regularly self-right, by adding a postpone time to the alerts before they sound can diminish the quantity of alerts themselves(11). ‘Smart Alarms’ can be presented that have calculations set up that will caution just in the event that it is a genuine alarm(9). These frameworks consider instead of crude information itself. Expanding the ‘volume’ of alerts higher than condition was suggested (instead of having a fixed dB level for a caution sound)(13). This is bolstered by the way that sound may not be heard because of: room entryways shut, occasions, for example, commotion delivered by machines that spotless the floors(14). It is additionally bolstered by the way that most medical clinics have surpassed the clamor levels suggested by WHO, and all things considered, the volume of the caution ought to be tweaked to nature to guarantee it is heard(15). Be that as it may, other writing favors various modalities of alerts (for example visual or vibrating), since the clamor adds to manifestations in staff, for example, exhaustion and focus problems(16). Normalization of caution sounds would diminish the quantity of alert sounds the HP’s need to ‘learn’(17). Another arrangement proposed has been to have a focal warning community instead of a staff checking patient(s)when their alerts go off, which was accounted for to be beneficial. Alert cutoff points ought to be changed to levels by HP’s considering: if the caution goes off, it will require a type of clinical activity, and the patient’s explicit condition(s)(9). This is rather than when HP’s don't change cutoff points and keep to default levels set by maker, which are set to various qualities relying upon the nation (18). Redoing cutoff points will diminish the caution burden and increment affectability to alerts by human services staff(18). Progressing preparing ought to be furnished to the staff with an expect to have the preparation condition as intently reproducing the genuine clinical condition as possible(9). Preparing through telling staff the best way to investigate cautions ought to likewise be executed. Alerts that have worked in ‘intelligent system’ to help with investigating have demonstrated to be advantageous. In a reenacted situation, wise alerts helped the anesthetists understand different breathing circuit flaws 62% quicker (45 sec to 17 sec)(19). Conversation: Upsides and downsides of Literature: There is proof in the writing on the potential antagonistic occasions of alerts and explanations behind such occasions and the seriousness of this issue. Answers for improve understanding were likewise given. There was no investigation discovered that managed whether staff saw how to work the alerts appropriately and to what degree did this difficult exist. Data identified with the seriousness of the issue just demonstrated an issue in comprehension and reaction. Howev

Jewish society Essay

Bread Givers offers a knowledge into the life of Jews, especially Jewish ladies during the mid 1900s. This semi-fiction is an excursion of the then Jewish pioneers in virgin America. The plot is entwined with various clashes regular in that time. Anzia Yezierska has delightfully written an anecdote about the life of a Jewish lady, her two sisters and her folks; how she worries about the concern of being the bread worker of the family, but then have every one of her choices made by her dad. The book shows us numerous features of the lives of the Jewish pilgrims in the mid 1900s. Through its subjects it exhibits the numerous jobs the Jewish individuals particularly the ladies, needed to satisfy after their movement into the United States. In this period, general law in the Jewish society was that the man had the last say in everything . which was obvious from the way that Reb Smolinsky had the option to whip each and every one of his girls sentiments. In the event that we follow the life of Sara we will see that sexual orientation jobs in this time were clearly changing, as Sara settled on her own choices and carried on with her own life. In any case, society didn't acknowledge this change and by the day's end she didn't be anything in excess of a pariah. It’s amusing that toward the day's end satisfaction just went to her after she had discovered Hugo. Approaching over the leaders of the females in this time was the contention between ages. We see that â€Å"family† fends the young ladies from running off and doing what they need throughout everyday life. As indicated by old customs, guys overwhelm the choices according to convention. However, here we see the most youthful of the three sisters, Sara opposing these conventions and conflicting with the tide and doing what she puts stock in and not what the ages have educated her. An unavoidable circumstance emerges and the heaviness of desire pushes Sara into bringing her dad into her own home. Hugo, her life partner, sees just the network conviction of what is anticipated from them and takes their dad in undoubtedly. In spite of how far she has come, the existence her way of life requires and expects is as yet hanging tight for her, prepared to exploit the smallest slip. As the story advances, we perceive how every one of the three sisters’ grows up and yearns for a man in her life. Be that as it may, their course in life shows a sharp difference between their desires and reality. After they are hitched, Eternal bliss and fulfillment evades them while the activities of their male partners smack them in the face and take them back to the real world. We can see that every one of the young ladies thinks marriage or in Sara’s case, accomplishing her objectives would take care of their issues, however it turns out it isn’t the mystical arrangement they figured it would be. Bessie and Fania get hitched, just to confront the way that life wasn’t all ruddy and cheerful as they suspected it would be. When Sara gives her own room on lease, she imagines about how astonishing and advancing it will be, just to wind up enormously aching for somebody to converse with. Generally every one of the three have set thoughts of adoration in their psyches and later on acknowledge exactly how unique genuine truly is. The book exhibits whole ages that moved to America. It was the brilliant time of chance and the part that the Jewish ladies played in the public eye is of remarkable intrigue. Book index Takaki, Ronald. , A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (New York: Little, Brown and Co. , 1993), 508 pages Gjerde, John. , ed. Serious Problems in American Immigration and Ethnic History: Documents and Essays. (Cengage Learning, 1998) Jacobs, Harriet. Episodes in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861, rep. 2001). Reimers, David. Unwanted Strangers. (New York : Columbia University Press, c1998). Yezierska, Anzia. Breadgivers. (1925)

Atlantic City

Atlantic City Atlantic City, city (1990 pop. 37,986), Atlantic co., SE N.J., an Atlantic resort and convention center; settled c.1790, inc. 1854. Situated on Absecon Island, a barrier island 10 mi (16.1 km) long, Atlantic City was a fishing village until the construction in 1854 of a railroad that made it a fashionable resort for Philadelphians and New Yorkers. Atlantic City's chief industry remains tourism, with some 24 million visitors annually. The first boardwalk was built in 1870, and its present incarnation, lined with casinos, hotels, shops, and amusements, is 6 mi (9.7 km) long. The casino industry, which was legalized in 1976 and began in 1978, at one time rivaled that in Las Vegas, Nevada, but the industry contracted after legalized gambling became more common in neighboring states, and by 2016 the city suffered from significant financial problems and faced a five-year state financial takeover. Urban blight, which continued during the casino boom years, remains a problem. Atlantic City has a large convention center. The Democratic national convention took place in the city in 1964, and the Miss America Pageant was held there annually from 1921 to 2005. Absecon Lighthouse, in operation 1854â€"1932, attracts tourists. The first Ferris wheel was built in Atlantic City in 1869. The board game Monopoly, which makes use of area street names, was invented here in 1930. In 2012 the city suffered significant flooding from Hurricane Sandy. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

The Poetry and Prose of Edgar Allen Poe - 2196 Words

Art is in everything. Artists can be experts with a paintbrush, phenomenal with piano or a master of their pen. Authors and poets have a chance to manipulate words like no other artist can. Poets in particular can use their words to encompass different kinds of art by painting a picture with lyrical rhythm and imagery. Poets may be common, but for their poetry to be timeless it must be universally relatable. Edgar Allen Poe is regarded as one of the most famous poets in American history due to his well renowned debauchery, gothic tales of terror, and poems which are taught in schools and still analyzed today. Edgar Allen Poe was born in Boston Massachusetts in the early nineteenth century. It is well known that Poe endured a difficult†¦show more content†¦Each category had a surplus of corresponding poems. Mark Canada of University of North Carolina at Pembroke cites critic Rodger Asselineau with the quote: If Roderick Usher, Egaeus, Metzengerstein, and even Dupin are all alike, if Ligeia, Morella, and Eleonora look like sisters, it is because, whether he consciously wanted to or not, he always takes the story of his own life as a starting point, a rather empty story on the whole since he had mostly lived in his dreams, imprisoned by his neuroses and obsessed by the image of his dead mother. (Canada) This expertly defines why all of Poe’s themes were reoccurring. Another inspiration for Poe’s themes was his fascination with psychology. Phrenology is known as the study of the idea that certain functions are controlled by differing parts of the brain. In order to explore this idea, Poe used themes such as self-destruction and madness in his poetry (Canada). Based on this premise, Mark Canada explains that he believes Poe to have had a â€Å"potent right cerebral hemisphere† which is believed to be the center of vivid imagery, music, emotions and â€Å"self-destructive urges;† Poe was consistently documented to have each of these traits. Poe is also well known for his lucid imagery, lyric meter and tales of horror, depicted with rhyme and rank symbolism. Certain poems contain repeating themes that best showcase the effect of theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Edgar Allen Poe763 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allen Poe Edgar Allen Poe, an America writer, was known as a poet and critic but was most famous as the master of short stories, particularly tales of the mysterious and the macrabe. The literary merits of Poe’s writings have been debated since his death, but his works have continued to be popular and many American and European writers have declared their artistic debt to him. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Poe was orphaned in his early childhood and was raised by John Allen, a successfulRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Dark Poems That He Is Famous For?1423 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poe Why did Poe write the dark poems that he is famous for? Almost every student has read either one or many of Edgar Allan Poe’s work. Poe is one of the best and most famous writers in American Literature. Professor Gene Doty of Missouri University of Science and Technology explains, â€Å"The meaning which the text has for the reader emerges from the interaction of the reader’s world with the world of the text† (Doty). Anything written is a context that includes the â€Å"writer’s feelings,Read MoreEdgar Allan Poe Literary Analysis1489 Words   |  6 PagesEllington 1 Isaac Ellington Docter English III 3 November 2017 The Dark Literature of Edgar Allen Poe Poe often used depressed tones and imagery to create a dark kind of feeling to his work. 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The Internet Is An Amazing Thing - 1793 Words

Introduction The Internet is an amazing thing. Decentralized and global, it is used on a massive scale daily and has transformed the world. Arising from a group of computer networks that rose up from around 1960-1990, it has gone from accounting for a small fraction of global communications to well over 90% of them in a matter of decades. It has had an unspeakable impact on humanity, Changing dramatically business and culture, among other things. The Internet as we know it today is the product of several computer networks that were created from around 1960-1990. Most notably, the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), which was created by ARPA (Now DARPA), the research agency of the United States Department of Defense. The ARPANET was the first computer network to use the TCP/IP protocol, the backbone of the modern Internet. The effect that the Internet has had on business has been immense. More and more, people are starting to do things online that they traditionally did at a phys ical building. Banking, shopping, trading, and watching movies. Many are even predicting that soon traditional brick and mortar stores will be a thing of the past. The cultural impact has also been huge. Via the Internet, news and information can spread all over the world in a matter of hours. This has changed the way that people get news and information, as well as lead to the rise of an Internet culture. History of the Internet On the 4th of October 1957, the USSR launchedShow MoreRelatedPros And Disadvantages Of The Internet1250 Words   |  5 PagesThe Internet is a beneficial tool that an immeasurable amount of people use. Some see it as source of entertainment. Others might see it as a way to get quick information or a good place to share ideas and opinions. As amazing as the internet is, could it really have a downfall or disadvantage? With always improving technology like the internet around, people find it hard to just sit down and look through a book or even flip through a magazine. The internet has so much to offer. To some it may seemRead MoreThe Internet Of The Digital Age1055 Words   |  5 Pagesin the world has some access to the internet, but in the same year that humans have landed a probe on a comet, the average internet speed is 3.5 Mbps worldwide. One would think that by this time loading icons would become a thing of the past, but in 2015 we still have slow internet speeds. In the dig ital age, everyone should have some access to the internet because the internet is a utility used by many to entertain, to educate and to communicate. The Internet is the global system of interconnectedRead MoreIpv4 vs Ipv6838 Words   |  4 PagesDavid Wells 11/27/13 Intro to Linux Networking Final Paper As some may already know every device that connects to the internet has a IP address. 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Palermo and Genoa Free Essays

This is an individual assignment to discuss culture characteristics and its effects to a cuisines environment. Thus, this assignment will show the understanding of the culture importance, and providing the methods for cross culture management. For the full-scale of culture application to business environment cognitive competencies, this assignment will discuss the culture characteristics, analyze the culture for international business operation, study the culture synthesis, and then give recommendations according to the applications of business environment in particular. We will write a custom essay sample on Palermo and Genoa or any similar topic only for you Order Now According the requirement of this assignment, I have chosen the country f Italy to complete the tasks of this assignment. 2. The Background of Italy Italy is a unified peninsula country in the south of Europe, and it looks like a boot in the world map. The neighbor countries of Italy are surrounded by Andorra, Monaco, France, Switzerland, Slovenia, Croatia, Albania and Greece. The total size of Italy is 116306 square miles. Italy has total 1120 cities; the largest cities are including Rome, Milan, Naples, Turin, Palermo and Genoa. Giuseppe Amazing formed the Resorting being the foundation of Italy unity. Mr.. Count Camille Did Cavort, the leader of House of Savoy in Sardinia united Italy in 1852, and he obtained the lands of Lombardy, Roman, Tuscany, Pram, Sicily, and Naples. In 1861, Italians claimed Victor Emmanuel II as their king, who received Venetian in 1886. Finally, the papal of Rome announced Italy is a unified peninsula nation independently with one constitutional monarchy on 20th September 1870 (infeasible. Com, 2014). Italy is a republic country with its own constitution desiring for peace and harmony. Italians dislike fighting in the wars. Thus, Italy declared its neutrality in the World War l. Even through, Italy fight with Allies in 191 5 and gained some lands, but after the postwar, Italy returned the lands Allies. After the Fascist Party dictatorship of Mr.. Mussolini from 28th October 1922 to 28th April 1945, Italians plebiscite voted to have a republic nation in June 1946 successfully. Moreover, Italian returns the lands to Greece and France according to the peace treaty on 15th September 1947. Italy constitution was created in 1948 (inconsiderableness. Com, 2014). Italy strategy builds its economy successfully by being an integral member of NATO joining the European Economic Community. In Jan 1999, Italy currency was permitted by Treasury Secretary Carlo Scampi. Nowadays, the economics of Italy is diversified by many industries, and the well-developed industrial in the north are most held by private companies. Although Italy has experienced the global crisis in 2008, but Italy GAP of Italy increased from US$1737. 8 billion in 2004 to US$1982. 94 billion Jug 2014 (Satanist. Com, 2014). According to the source of the Italy history, the main religion of Italy is Roman Catholicism. The Roman Catholicism centre is in the Vatican City, and the pope also stays in it. Islam is the second religion in Italy sources from the immigrants of Muslim. Non-Catholic Christians is the third religion in Italy, but it is in a small group due to the only few Jews left after the War II (Kim, 2014). Actually, Italy has a long Roman history, because the Rome Empire controlled Italy with the Roman leadership for about 22 centuries, which covers the most of the Italy history and made Italy a Roman Catholicism country from its root. Therefore, Italy becomes the cultural center for the Western world during the period of 13th to 16th century. According to the religion characteristics of Roman Catholicism, family is the most liable social structure, because family can stabilize their family members by supporting each other with emotion and finance. In the religion of Roman Catholicism environment, you can see the Catholic churches in Italy are more than any other country. In this kind of religion country, you can see them in many lobbies and buildings, and you will find people’s names, and trade in particular patron saint. The church proclaims transparent hierarchy to Italy. Respect is provided to older people, successful businessman, and well-connected people (quintessential. O. UK, 2014). This part will give the recommendations for doing business in Italy according to its culture of history, geography, language, education, religion, social structure, political, and economic philosophy. 4. 1 Respect Different cultural customs Although, it is 96% of them are native Italians and speak Italian, but they may have diffe rent mother tongue or dialect and culture customs. Therefore, we have to respect each of them accordingly. To an international business, knowing the local culture is as knowing the needs of the local people. If you can provide the thing to hat area’s people, you will have business opportunity (La Verne, 2008). 4. 2 Well-managed Cross Culture Management There are cultural conflicts between cultures. Therefore, international businessmen need to understand the difference and culture conflicts between each of them. Hence, the cross culture management needs to be created and studied by businessman and his staffs. Because you will have contact with local staff and customers, developing a well-managed cross culture management will help the stabilization of the employees and increase your business market share Sweatshops, 2010). . 3 Follow the religion characteristics of Roman Catholic As we know that the Roman Catholic is one of the largest and biggest religion in Italy, and Italy is the culture centre of Europe. To follow the Roman Catholic characteristics is one of the best and fastest ways to fit into global international business to the local and the whole Europe (Mary, 2011). If you can put your business to fit into the Roman Catholic quickly, your business can be accepted by the Roman Catholics easily (Italy Mineral and Mining Sector Investment and Business Guide, 2014). How to cite Palermo and Genoa, Papers

International Human Resources

Any country highly values human capital which is the most important input into the day-to-day operations. It is the responsibility of management to ensure that each and every employee is satisfied with the conditions of work so that the employee can deliver to the maximum.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on International Human Resources specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, companies that have invested in better human resource management have advanced more besides getting the best output out of their employees. Human resource management is concerned with the general welfare of the employees as well as the relationship between employees and employers. However, they way human resource is handled differ from one country to another. While other countries prefer participatory kind of human resource, others have autocratic type of management. Even where the type of management is the same, some principles are different. Since France and Canada are in different continents, the way human resource management is handled in these two countries is different. The first factor that is compared when people are looking at international human resource management is job design and analysis. Job design refers to the description of roles and duties of each person in an organization (Jackson, 2002). On the other hand, job analysis refers to the acts of deciding the specific job requirements by keenly looking into existing conditions. This can be done in order to make decisions such as recruitment or the type of training that existing employee need to undergo to enhance output. In Canada, job designs are formulated using National occupation Classification (NOC) as a guideline. In this regard, the job design explains the title of the job, fully outlines the task to be accomplished as well as the description of the conditions under which one will work (Catano, 2009)). It is important to note that employer s are required to explain in detail any extra requirements. The job descriptions are used by human resource managers to determine when extra training or development is required. However, research is done to collect information about a given job and determine what exactly is required. Job design is then developed for each organization depending on the feedback collected from the survey.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important to note that continuous survey is conducted to know when specific job requirements change for example due to technological improvement to evaluate the type of training required at that particular point in time. Working conditions are very crucial in France because the French are very sensitive on how they are treated (Lawler Hundley, 2008). Moreover, they hate too much explanation on job description which they interpret to be an insult on t heir intelligence. Consequently, human resource managers need to be very discreet when outlining the working conditions and take into consideration the culture of people. Arguably, one of the most important roles of human managers is to forecast on future human capital needs of the organization and take the necessary actions. Human resource planning should therefore entail forecasting the changes expected in the job market and how the organization should prepare for the same. It is important to note that human resource planning involves making changes in an organization. While in Canada a human resource manager can make that important decision of determining what needs to be done and initiate the process, in France employees need to be informed of what is happening and give suggestion (Jackson, 2002). The French do not like issues that are imposed on them and will therefore rebel if any idea is introduced without them being asked to participate in the decision making process. Howeve r, the French do not like the idea of setting personal goals and will therefore require management to outline what is expected. On the other hand, Canadians only need to be guided and they will set their own goals and work to fulfill them. Therefore, human resource planning in Canada unlike that of France requires the manager to only guide employees on what is expected. Continuous training and development is quite critical for any organization because it improves output. In Canada, each employee stands an equal chance of being selected and trained. If training on a particular issue is organized, all employees concerned are allowed to attend. However, it should be noted that this is a private initiative especially for private firms.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on International Human Resources specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, a firm is free to choose when and how to organize for the training. Mo reover, it is upon a firm to determine how it will fund the training programs (Zanko, 2003). It should be noted that the government has implemented Acts that demand that any employee should not be discriminated when it comes to giving opportunities for training and development. On the other hand, the government of France has made it compulsory that firms should set aside a stipulated amount of money to be used for employee training and development. As a result, all firms conduct trainings at a given period. However, French firms have specific training programs and target groups. Employees who are considered as being highly potential are selected and trained. Firms have specific vacancies for this group of people and consider them easy to train (Lawler Hundley, 2008). This is aimed at reducing the costs of training. Moreover, unlike in Canada, psychological growth and development is not considered part of training and development. Human resource management in Canada is designed in a manner that ensures that each employee has the opportunity of being promoted. The criteria and policies of promotion are very open and clear to every employee. It is therefore based on merit and carrier qualification. As a result, carrier development is very competitive as each employee works hard to earn promotion. In this regard, carrier development is more of a personal initiative than it is an organizational affair. Continuous self-development is highly encouraged. Employees are given the motivation to learn on their own free will through self-managed learning programs (Sparrow, 2010). In France however, promotion policies are still seen as very secretive. Though job satisfaction is high, employees are not very confident that promotions are on merit. This is due to the fact that carrier development is very structural. Almost all firms have authoritative skill development programs which employees are supposed to adhere to. Employees are not empowered to work their way up the lad der. Though surveys are carried out to know individual carrier development requirements, the inflexible training programs do not allow every employee’s need to be catered for. Nevertheless, there is emphasis on corporate vision and core values (Lawler Hundley, 2008).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Regulation is an important aspect in the business world. Employee and employer relationships are guided by various policies (Punnett, 2012). The bodies that dictate these guidelines differ from country to country due to uniqueness in culture. Canada is a capitalistic country where forces of the market are left to determine demand and supply. Consequently, government intervention in many issues is minimal. The same is the case with the labor market. The government has only the basic regulations on how employers and employees carry out their business. Only the federal workers are under increased federal laws. However, private firms negotiate their terms of employment with labor unions. It is important to note that a significant number of employees belong to labor unions giving them high bargaining power. On the contrary, French government has in place several policies that regulate how employers treat their employees. Employees are protected by the governmental laws making many of the m reluctant of joining labor unions. As a result, France has a very minimal percentage of its work force being members of labor unions. This makes the unions a little bit weak compared to those of Canada (Edwards, 2007). Nevertheless, in both countries labor unions can call for strikes of their members and demand that employers address certain issues. It is important to note that there is no law in both countries that prohibits this type of industrial action. As far as recruitment and selection of new employees is concerned, the two countries have some common point. To begin with, both countries want to get the best employees and professional qualification is a basic necessity. Firms ensure that they have adequate advertisements to convince people that they are employers of choice. This is meant to ensure that employees applying for jobs whenever vacancies are announced will be the best in the society. Job description is also given priority during recruitment to ensure that employee s selected share values with the firm. Moreover, firms have departments dedicated to ensuring that recruitment and selection are done in line with regulations laid down by the firm (Belout, Dolan Saba, 2001). Nevertheless, there are some notable differences. While strict adherence to the company’s values is considered when recruiting employees in Canada, the French emphasize on professional qualifications. On the same note, age is very crucial in employee selection in France. Many people are employed a little late while the government and other firms want employee below 26 years of age to undergo probation for two years. On the contrary, age is not an issue provided one is over 18 years. In most instances, probation period in Canada is three months unless there are special conditions to dictate otherwise. Most firms in Canada have interviews conducted in various stages beginning with telephone interview to ensure that any possible conflict between the new employees and the o ld ones is avoided. Moreover, Canadian employers can use job boards to search for the best employees something that is not very common in France (Catano, 2009). Job orientation is highly valued in Canada because it helps in socializing new employees on the ways of operation of the firm. Without proper orientation probability of conflicts is high. Information flow in Canada is not as good as it is in France. Immediately an employee joins a firm in Canada, he or she is given a checklist that explains in details most of the issues that are necessary in the firm. Moreover, co-workers are encouraged to take new employees on firm operations and ensure they get into the system without much trouble. The orientation process is very detailed in Canada to ensure that new employees get to know each and every aspect of the company before they can start working. The process is divided into various sections which are carried out by different people who have enough knowledge in areas assigned to th em (Catano, 2009). Mostly, senior employees are given the duty of inducting new employees because besides having vast experience on the subject matter, new employees will feel comfortable dealing with fellow employees instead of managers. On the other hand, orientation is not very structured in France. Most of the information is passed by co-workers who are usually very willing to do it. Health of workers is given priority in both countries. Workplace safety is essential and maximum precautions taken in that line. All necessary information regarding the dangers involved in any job description is outlined to the employee. It is the aim of human resource management department in the two countries to ensure that employees are well aware of the risks that they face in their line of duty. Social issues being quite crucial in Canada, psychological growth and development is emphasized in Canada. Employees whose job duties have specific risks are given training on how to perform their dutie s and what to do in case of any accident or any other eventuality. Moreover, employees are trained to uphold dexterity whenever performing their duties. It is important to note that unlike in France where the law regulating workplace safety is uniform throughout the country, in Canada the laws differ from place to place. This is because different cities have the mandate of instituting laws in their area that regulate how various issues are carried out (Belout, Dolan Saba, 2001). Employees are given safety equipments where their job demands so. Safety training is carried out regularly to enhance skills of people to dealing with emergencies. New employees are guided through the safety procedures first through observation and then by being involved in the process. In both countries, employees are given health insurance to cover them while they are working for either private firms or the government. Over and above the benefits that are outlined in the employment contract, various emplo yers give their employees extra benefits. These benefits are meant to increase the morale of employees and to also help in employee retention (MacCourt Eldridge, 2003). In Canada, employees enjoy additional benefits which include extra health coverage than the one covered for in the initial contract. Conditions covered include dental and sight plans. Moreover, employees can enjoy employee assistance plans which help in enhancing social life of employees either at work or at home. Furthermore, firms provide extra retirement plans to cater for the employee when they reach retirement age. There are firms that give their employees transport services to and from workplaces. Furthermore, employees can get legal services from their firms though to a specific extent (Zanko, 2003). Additionally, many firms in Canada provide long term care insurance plans to their employees. All this is done to make employees feel valued so as to increase their output. On the same note, France also has vario us extra benefits for their employees. This includes augmenting the health and welfare programs that are preliminary inline with the government requirement. Additionally, there are firms which design employee packages in a manner that will legally reduce the amount of tax employees are supposed to pay. Since the French people need their voice to be heard, designing employee benefits to suit them is very crucial. As a result, some firms offer flexible benefits where employees are given the opportunity to choose the package that suits their needs (Lawler Hundley). There are also enhanced opportunities of employees accessing other financial services. Besides additional benefits that employees receive, it is important to have a reward system that is directly pegged on performance. This leads to strategic reward system that is very crucial in enhancing organizational output. These rewards need to also take into consideration the organization’s values to ensure that organization g rowth is achieved (MacCourt Eldridge, 2003). In France culture is important and any activity that is against the culture can meet a lot of opposition. Therefore, many human resource management departments have aligned their reward system with personal as well as team needs (Jackson, 2002). On the same note, the reward system has been differentiated according to different job requirements so that they can be effective across the board. Similarly, employees are involved in the designing stage to ensure that the package arrived at is acceptable to all employees. On the same note, Canada implements strategic rewards where employees are rewarded according to their performance. Firms come up with programs where each employee who increases his or her performance is rewarded in monetary terms or otherwise. Among the rewards that are common in Canada is extra money above the normal wages. Additionally, employees are taken to vacations either individually or as a family with expenses catered for by the firm (Belout, Dolan Saba, 2001). Another common system is subsidized shopping in specific outlets. The world has become so much integrated that it is practically impossible to operate without people from other countries. On the same note, there is increased awareness regarding gender equality in any workplace. In this regard, both countries have a lot of people from various countries working in various capacities. However, France has many of its foreigners from countries that were once its colonies. This is because most of the people from French colonies can easily assimilate into France culture and language is not a barrier. Nevertheless, there are people from various parts of the world though they find it rough initially especially because of language. Canada on the other hand has people from all over the world working in various sectors. Regarding gender balance, both countries have done well and this is not a problem (Ayacar Kanungo, 2008). Managing people requires understanding their behavior in various scenarios. In doing this, it becomes quite crucial to be fully aware of the cultural setting in which the firm is operating. France and Canada are located in different geographical places. Consequently, they have divergent cultures and their people have been socialized in different ways. Therefore, methods that can be used to manage people from these two backgrounds will definitely have to be different. However, it is important to note that due to the wave of globalization, some aspects of human resource management have to be harmonized across all countries. In this regard, there are several issues of human resource management that are similar in Canada and France. Nonetheless, human beings need motivation and favorable working conditions to perform. The better employees are managed, the higher the job satisfaction and consequently the higher the output. References Belout, A., Dolan, L. Saba, T. (2001). Trends and emerging practices in human resource management – The Canadian scene. International Journal of Manpower, 22(3), 207 – 215. Catano, V. M. (2009). Recruitment and Selection in Canada. Stanford: Cengage learning. Edwards, K. (2007). International Human Resource Management. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Educational. Jackson, T. (2002). International HRM: A Cross-Cultural Approach. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publishers. Lawler, J. J. Hundley, G. S. (2008). Global Diffusion of Human Resource Practices: Institutional and Cultural Limits. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. MacCourt, W. Eldridge, D. (2003). Global Human Resource Management: Managing People in Developing and Transnational Countries. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. Price, T. (2011). Human Resource Management. Stanford: Cengage Learning. Punnett, B. J. (2012). International Perspectives on Organizational Behavior and Human Resources Management. Haverhill: M.E. Sharpe. Sengupta, N. (2007). International Human Resource Management. Manchester: Excel Books India. Sparrow, P. (2010). Handbook of International Human Resource Management: Integrating people, Process, and Context. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Zanko, M. (2003). The Handbook of Human Resource Management Policies and Practices In Asia-Pacific Economies. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. This term paper on International Human Resources was written and submitted by user Angelica Monroe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. International human resources

Gun Control Synthsis Paper Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Gun Control Synthsis Paper Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Gun Control Synthsis Paper When you mention gun control, many things come to mind. School shooting, the Brady Law, second amendment rights, and kids killing kids, these issues have prompted a controversy over guns and whether they are a menace to society. There are many types of guns and each contributes to crime differently. The smaller more easily concealed weapons, like handguns and sawed off shotguns are most likely to be used in crime. While the larger firearms, rifles, have a slightly lower reported incidence of crime. Crimes reported that involve an assault weapon such as the Uzi is virtually unheard of. Views on the subject of gun control range from one extreme, all guns are bad, to the other extreme that all existing laws should be revoked and every person should own a gun. In the discussion on gun control there are a few points that everyone argues about. Two of the most popular topics on gun control seem to be, do guns contribute to crime, and would tougher gun laws prevent gun fatalities? With all the different subjects discussed within the gun control controversy, the topic of how tougher laws would affect the death rate, associated with firearms, seems to be most common. Dennis Henigan believes that the laws need to be redirected toward better safety features on guns, to prevent some accidental shootings. Henigan also believes that the gun manufacturers should be liable for the lack of safety devices that could prevent accidental shootings. Morgan O. Reynolds and W.W. Caruth III believe, that the laws, proposed for the control of gun crime, would rase the price for purchasing a gun; but do little for preventing crime from being committed with them. According to Woody West, guns are responsible for the deaths of many people, some of which are innocent, but before we make new laws we should try enforcing the scores of laws already enacted, but not enforced. On the far end of the argument against controlling crime through banning guns sits David B. Kopel with his opini on that banning guns to reduce crime makes as much sense as banning alcohol to reduce drunk driving. Moving from one extreme to the other, the Associated Press released an article that sites the Brady Law with saving more than nine thousand lives, and urges more stringent regulation of firearms. Many others such as Reynolds, Caruth, Kopel, and West, disagree that the Brady law saves any lives, or is of much good. Reynolds, Caruth disagree with the argument that laws such as the Brady Law, named for the late Jim Brady, is the answer to the onslaught of these violent crimes. The Brady Bill would not have saved Jim Brady. As with other similar shootings, the predator still could have legally obtained the weapon he used, because he had no previous felony record. According to Woody West, to find a story of a shooting tragedy, you don't have to look very long to find television covering each as luridly as if it were the end of civilization as we know it. Dennis Henigan seems to express his own very strong opinion when he wrote, the gun industry has a choice: It can continue business as usual, but only if it pays its fair share of the costs, or it can take the necessary and feasible steps to reduce the misuse of its products. While Henigan takes a very firm stand on the subject of how guns contribute to crime, Kopel takes a more haphazard approach, saying that there could be a relationship between guns and crime, but more studies are needed. The Associated Press also has a strong opinion of guns in relation to crime. Statistics for the first five years of the Brady Law presents compelling evidence that the lives of more than 9,000 people were saved because guns were less available to criminals. Woody West seems to be the most confused and unsure of the impact of guns on our modern society, this is evident in his faint brush with the subject, in which he says that yes people are getting killed because someone has a gun, yes it is tragi c, but the shootings are not of epidemic proportions. Research

Famous Quotes That Reveal the True Face of Politics

Famous Quotes That Reveal the True Face of Politics Here are 20 famous people who have made especially astute, witty, or informative  statements about politics. Some have been in a position of power, others have had a birds eye view of the drama that goes on within hallowed halls. Their opinions carry a wealth of wisdom. Dalton Camp Canadian politician Dalton Camp was a supporter of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, and was one of the foremost voices of Red Toryism. Camp made this comment to mean that politics often concentrates on unimportant things instead of paying attention to bigger issues.   Politics is made up largely of irrelevancies. Will Durant American philosopher and historian Will Durant was well known for The History of Civilization. His words basically sum up what governments actually do.   The political machine triumphs because it is united minority acting against a divided majority. Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Khrushchev was  a Russian politician, and served as the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He made this comment on 22 August 1963 to Chicago Tribune in the context of the construction of a bridge in Belgrade, to emphasize that a politicians word is completely redundant.   Politicians are the same all over. They promise to build a bridge even where there is no river. Texas Guinan Texas Guinan was an American actress. Her clever use of irony express the shrewdness of a politician who can use anyone for the benefit of ones country. A politician is a fellow who will lay down your life for his country. Napoleon Bonaparte One of the greatest military leaders of the world, Napoleon Bonaparte was a master strategist and a consummate politician. Bonapartes words carry a wealth of wisdom when he says that irrationality is a welcome quality in politics.     Ã‚     In politics, an absurdity is not a handicap. Saul Bellow Saul Bellow was a Canadian-born American writer, who won the Nobel and Pulitzer prizes. His words belie a sense of disdain for politicians who seem like amateurs. Take our politicians: theyre a bunch of yo-yos. The presidency is now a cross between a popularity contest and a high school debate, with an encyclopedia of clichà ©s the first prize. Francis Bacon Francis Bacon was an English philosopher and his quote here means that politicians find it tough to remain absolutely true to their calling, just like it is difficult to be completely moral. It is as hard and severe a thing to be a true politician as to be truly moral. Albert Einstein Famous scientist Albert Einstein urges citizens to be involved in politics. But he also concedes that politics is more complex than science.   Politics is more difficult than physics. Mao Tse-Tung Mao Tse-Tung was the founder of the People’s Republic of China. He explains that politics and war are almost the same except that in the former there isnt actual bloodshed involved.   Politics is war without bloodshed while war is politics with bloodshed. Otto Von Bismarck These words by conservative Prussian Otto Von Bismarck mean that politics can make anything happen.   Politics is the art of the possible. Henry David Thoreau American writer Henry David Thoreau opines that no country can be completely free and unshackled, unless it accepts that the individual is supreme.   There will never be a really free and enlightened State until the State comes to recognize the individual as a higher and independent power. William Shakespeare English playwright William Shakespeare tells us that a politician would always try to avoid God, as the politician is not truthful. A politician†¦ one that would circumvent God. Tom Wolfe American author and journalist Tom Wolfe expresses that there are no true liberals in this world.   A liberal is a conservative who has been arrested. Marianne Thieme Dutch politician Marianne Thieme says that politicians have given more importance to money rather than to nature. She said this to the International Press Association members during a speech in The Hague. Politicians and corporations have always placed economic interests above moral interests. This is now hurting the entire planet. Aristotle Greek philosopher, and the father of politics, Aristotle reveals the sad truth about politicians who have no free time as they are always aiming for something.   Politicians also have no leisure, because they are always aiming at something beyond political life itself, power and glory, or happiness. Charles de Gaulle French President Charles de Gaulle talked about how politicians pretend to serve the people, but their ulterior motive is to always rule them. In order to become the master, the politician poses as the servant. John Fitzgerald Kennedy US President JFK reveals the irony of life. His own illustrious career, as a politician and a president, is testimonial to this. Mothers all want their sons to grow up to be president but they dont want them to become politicians in the process. Abraham Lincoln American President Abraham Lincoln was a man of democratic views. He believed in the power of the people, in the truest sense. This quote was made during his speech at the first Republican State Convention of Illinois on May 29, 1856. The ballot is stronger than the bullet. H. L. Mencken Liberal thinker American journalist H. L. Mencken reveals the dirt beneath the rock. He expresses that politics is mostly about parties trying to bring each other down.   Under democracy one party always devotes its chief energies to trying to prove that the other party is unfit to rule and both commonly succeed, and are right. Eugene McCarthy   American Senator Eugene McCarthy says it with a straight face. He does not mince words. Through this quote he reveals that politics takes a lot of shrewdness to understand, not to mention bravado to think that it is important enough to be involved in.   Being in politics is like being a football coach. You have to be smart enough to understand the game, and dumb enough to think its important.

Electronic Customer Relationship Management Essay

Electronic Customer Relationship Management - Essay Example For businesses that have online presence, e-CRM systems provide the necessary relationship management with customers. This is a critical area because there is minimal human intervention from the company's employees when a customer logs on to the website. Hence, the impression and/ or the services that the customer gets exposed to from the website might be a decisive factor towards his/ her decision to continue business with that particular company. This paper presents an analysis of a business entity in form of an audit of its efforts to promote and use e-CRM systems. E-CRM theory is discussed and recommendations are provided to the business to improve the state of affairs. The target company for this audit is HSBC Bank Australia Limited. HSBC is a commercial bank based in London but has a huge network of branches around the globe. It is listed on the London, New York, Paris, Hong Kong and Bermuda stock exchanges and operates in a truly global fashion (HSBC, 2007). In Australia, HSBC has 35 branches and offices and provides a wide range of personal and commercial financial services in addition to other services like trade finance, investment advisory, treasury and other traditional banking operations. As a customer browsing a financial institution's websites, the ideal e-experience should not be distinguishable from the experience the user would have when he or she visits the bank physically. In a nut shell, this means that the contents of the web site should be such that no human intervention is required by the user to locate the desired information. One of the biggest advantage and disadvantage of a business website is the quantity of information that is provided on it for users (Feinberg and Kadam, 2002, p.435). This is because of the fact that the customer may not be able to identify and access the required information from a big pool of data provided on the website. Though, every piece of information might be there, yet it may take hours to find the one that is required. Hence, the website must be divided into areas with relevant information being clubbed into each area for clarity and ease of use. In addition, it should have a search facility to locate the desired information without having to navigate through the entire website for it. There are many ways that business may use to contact potential e-customers. In addition to the traditional telephone and cellular phone numbers, the business website should be able to store customers' email address, his or her website URL (if available) and other details. The electronic Customer Relationship Management e-CRM system must be equipped with appropriate records about users and customers and should use alternate channels to contact the customer. Similarly, alternate channels should be provided to the customers to contact the business. These might include email address, telephone, fax number, live chat and others. Ideally though, email addresses are easiest to use if there is no live chat feature available on the website. In addition, ideally the business website should remember the customer. This can be done by saving cookies on customers' computers that can be used during customers' next visit to the website, to track the information that they viewed during their last visit. The relationship with business

The Image of God in Islam, Judaism, and Christianity Essay - 1

The Image of God in Islam, Judaism, and Christianity - Essay Example Usually the clearest expression of this formula employs the vocabulary of religion, and particularly the word "God." Judaism The Old Testament, which the Jews follow as their holy book, tells them that the God is one. They have to believe on the oneness and purity of God. And he said, tomorrow. And he said, be it according to thy word; that thou mayest know that there is none like unto the LORD our God. (Exodus 8:10) Unto thee it was showed, that thou mightest know that the LORD he is God; there is none else beside him. (Deuteronomy 4:35) Know therefore this day, and consider it in thine heart, that the LORD he is God in heaven above, and upon the earth beneath: there is none else. (Deuteronomy 4:39) And he said, LORD God of Israel, there is no God like thee, in heaven above, or on earth beneath, who keepest covenant and mercy with thy servants that walk before thee with all their heart: (1 Kings 8:23) Above verses were taken from the Old Testament (King James Version) idea of the unity of God is vigorously proclaimed, and it is made the foundation of faith and conduct. It is not accidental that the oneness of Israel's God and the requirement of absolute, unqualified love for him are announced in the same biblical passage. Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God is one LORD (Deuteronomy 6:4) and thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might (Deuteronomy 6:5) This oneness has both an intellectual and a religious basis. Reason seeks a unifying principle faith, a single object of supreme devotion. Thus man's philosophical quest for ultimate reality and his historical worship of the one God have contributed to a deepening certainty that God is one.

Medicine River Essay -- essays research papers

Medicine River I enjoyed the book Medicine River, by Thomas King as well as the movie, which was based on the book. Although there were profound differences between the two, they were both pleasantly constructed. Having been instructed to read the book first, I was able to experience the full effect of the story and the message that the author intended for his readers. Although the book and the movie clearly relayed the same story, I would’ve better enjoyed the movie if it had included more incidents from the book, such as the visit from Harlen Bigbear’s estranged brother, and the ‘bridge jump’. I also wish the producer would have incorporated the many flashbacks that the main protagonist, Will, had from his youth. For example, the letters written by his father to his mother; the stories about his mother and her best friend; and the relationship with his brother James, namely, the childhood pranks that they played on one another. I am, however, aware of the time constrain ts involved when producing a motion picture, and I realize that the script had to be somewhat altered considering the medium at hand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I found the book to be easy, exciting reading because the story line was very realistic and easily relatable. This book flowed for me to a point when, at times, it was difficult to put down. Several scenes pleasantly caught me off guard and some were extremely hilarious, namely, the visit to Martha Oldcrow. I found myself really fond of the char...

What Is Hypnosis

What Is Hypnosis? Describe the psychological and physical aspects of hypnosis and discuss the role of relaxation in Hypnotherapy. Before we can begin to discuss anything about hypnotherapy, it is important to discuss what hypnosis actually is. This essay aims to arrive at a definition of hypnosis by describing the psychological and physical aspects and looking at it use by hypnotherapists and the role of relaxation within this. The history of hypnosis dates back to the times of ancient Egypt and it has been quite a contentious history.From Mesmer to de Puysegur in the 1700’s; from the first use of the term hypnosis by Braid in 1840 to it’s use as an anaesthetic in surgery by Esdaile and Elliotson; from the work of Erikson (widely regarded to be the grandfather of modern hypnosis) to the present day, the debate continues and theorists are divided as to the true nature of hypnosis. These differences of opinion stem from difficulties in actually measuring hypnosis. Hypnosi s is a subjective experience and, as such, no two individuals who undergo the process will have exactly the same experience.Often requiring the use of psychological measures, it is, therefore, more difficult to measure reliably in comparison to physiological matters such as heart rate and blood pressure; although, technological advances in the use of EEG’s (electroencephalograms) and neuroimaging have been very useful. Hence, the nature of hypnosis has long been the subject of contentious debate between those who seek scientific experimental explanations of its various psychological and physical aspects and those hypnotherapists who seek to use it as a tool with which to help people.Even today, theorists are divided into two camps: State theorists who believe that the practice of hypnosis brings about an altered state of consciousness and non-state theorists who believe that the hypnotic state or trance is little different from everyday relaxation and that its effects are mer ely reactions to suggestions which would have occurred without the use of hypnotic induction, e. g. Spanos (1982). However, for the purpose of this essay, I will assume that the state theorists are correct and assert that hypnosis is an altered state of mind which occurs through the use of a set of techniques by the hypnotist.It can enhance a person’s concentration and responsiveness to suggestion in order to enable them to make desired and beneficial changes to their behaviours, feelings, thoughts and physiological state, thereby enhancing their lives. There are a number of complex psychological aspects involved in hypnosis. In 1951, Solomon Asch carried out a study of conformity whereby subjects were told that they were taking part in a study of visual perception with 6 other people. In fact, only one person in each group was the true subject of Asch’s experiment as the other 6 were aware of the true nature of the study.Each participant in turn (the subject being las t) was asked to say which line from a set of three was the same length as the line on the target card. The answers were obvious, but on hearing all the other participants give incorrect answers, in one out of three trials they gave the same incorrect answers. In the control group where the subjects were asked to write their answers in private, incorrect responses were rare. This experiment has been difficult to replicate more recently as modern culture has changed the way that people conform.The work of Milgram in 1963 showed that ordinary people (65% of subjects) were willing to follow the instructions of an authority figure even if this involved apparently causing harm to others i. e, punishing them with a shock of 450 volts for answering a question incorrectly. Such studies show that, as people, we tend to be more comfortable when we fit in, conform, or comply with the instructions of those in authority. As clients would generally be considered to have some level of rapport with their hypnotist it is reasonable to assume that some responses to suggestion could be explained in these terms.For example, if a hypnotist suggests that a clients arm feels so light that it may float into the air, the client may raise their arm because they feel that this is what is expected and they would feel uncomfortable if they did not conform with the perceived expectation of the hypnotist. It is important to understand this innate need to conform, which we all have, in terms of the people with whom we will work and always endeavour to treat people with respect and professionalism. There is also a possibility that some aspect of role-play may be involved on the part of the client i. , they may behave in a way that they believe a hypnotised person should behave. The concept of attribution may also have a part to play; i. e. does the subject attribute the experience they have had to having being hypnotised or do they attribute their experience to having been deeply relaxed and e ngrossed in their internal image? Other psychological aspects involved in hypnosis are the use of selective attention whereby the subject concentrates on a limited range of usually internal stimuli such as feelings and imagery and imagination here the subject is often instructed by the hypnotist to imagine a scene. The above section describes the psychological aspects of hypnosis, so what are the physical aspects? As mentioned above, the use of electroencephalogram’s (EEG) and neuroimaging with hypnotised subjects have been able to identify differences in brain functioning in hypnotised people. Askerinsky & Kleitman (1953) were able to show that hypnotised subjects were not in fact asleep as some early theories had suggested. Different levels of consciousness produce different levels of electrical activity within the brain.Beta Waves occur at a rate of 15 to 40 cycles per second and are present when our minds are engaged and focussed, perhaps in conversation or learning a new task. Alpha waves occur at a rate of 9 to 14 cycles per second and are present when we are engaged in some relaxed, creative or problem solving task and are accompanied by feelings of well-being. Alpha waves are not present when we are experiencing anger fear, high arousal levels or when we are in deep sleep but are present during light trance/hypnotic state.During this state, relaxation of the body may occur; breathing and pulse rate slow and an individual may appear to be day-dreaming as they direct their attention towards their imagination. Theta Waves occur at a rate of 4 to 8 cycles per second and are associated with our subconscious mind where our past experiences and memories are held. Freud was the first theorist to propose the presence of the unconscious mind. This is the area of our minds which deals with non-voluntary bodily functions, thus freeing up the rest of our minds for things which we actively need to think about.Theta waves may be present when we are day dreamin g, carrying out automatic well learned tasks such as driving and when we dream. They are associated with calmness and feelings of serenity and are present in medium and deep hypnotic states. During moderate and deep hypnotic states a person may lose awareness of their surroundings but gain an increased awareness of their internal functions (breathing/heart rate). Imagery becomes more intense and suggestions may be interpreted literally. Limbs may feel limp or stiff; attention narrows further and there may be loss of environmental awareness.Delta Waves occur at a rate of 1 to 4 cycles per second. These are the slowest waves which are present when are in our deepest state of rest when no other waves are present. When these waves are present we are in a state of sleep and possibly very deep hypnosis such as the Esdaile State used by the surgeon of the same name in order to anaesthetise patients for surgery. In addition other physical aspects of hypnosis include, feeling warm or cold an d tingling of the extremities. Subjects often feel sleepy and close their eyes and there can be a reduction in response to noise.Some people experience feeling strange or detached and dissociated from their body or surroundings and feelings of floating are common. These feelings vary from person to person and are dependent upon an individuals’ psychological predisposition and responses as described above. No two people will have exactly the same response to hypnosis and each experience is subjective. As we go through the different levels of consciousness our brain wave activity changes in a smoothly organised manner. For example, when relaxing into sleep we go from Beta to Alpha, to Theta and finally Delta waves predominate.The reverse happens as we awake. The waves which predominate during hypnosis are Alpha and Theta and it is these waves which provide a route to our subconscious. Relaxation has an important role to play in Hypnotherapy. Jacobson (1929) was the first to not e the helpfulness of consciously relaxing muscles to enable them to maintain a relaxed state and improve the health and wellbeing of his patients. Most hypnotic screeds include suggestions of relaxation which help the subject to physically relax to the degree that Alpha and Theta brain waves are produced.Suppressed memories may be brought to the surface when Theta waves are present and although this may be painful, it offers the client the opportunity to discuss and address any such issues with their hypnotherapist if they choose to do so. Such therapy can be helpful and aid healing if carried out with sensitivity. As a cautionary note, Mingay (1988) suggests that dissociated memories accessed under hypnosis may be at risk of contamination by fantasy or leading questions on the part of the hypnotherapist.Along with this deep, relaxation comes an increase in suggestibility, i. e. we tend to respond to suggestions made by the hypnotherapist more readily than we would generally. Heap ( 1996) argues that suggestion and trance are crucial to any definition of hypnosis. Whilst in a deeply relaxed hypnotic state, the Hypnotherapist is able to make suggestions which can help the subject to change their behaviours, feelings or thought patterns in a beneficial way. For example, if a client wishes to stop smoking, the hypnotherapist might suggest that they now choose to be a non-smoker.In fact, there are a number of ways in which a Hypnotherapist can utilise suggestion whilst a client is in a relaxed hypnotic state in order to produce beneficial effects. It can be used to produce anaesthesia in the body – the use of hypnosis for surgery has been mentioned above but there is ample evidence that hypnotic suggestion can influence physiological responses governed by the autonomic nervous system. Grabowska (1971) found that subjects were able to alter the blood flow in their forearms via hypnotic suggestion and Olness et el (1989) found that children were able to alter their concentrations of salivary immunoglobulin A.The use of Progressive Muscle Relaxation during hypnotic induction not only enables subjects to enter a hypnotic trance state and more readily accept beneficial suggestions but repeated use of PMR during Hypnotherapy can enable clients to be able to relax more readily in general and in situations where they may ordinarily become very stressed. Suggestions can be given which allow people to relax when needed as long as it is safe to do so and such techniques can be used to reduce general anxiety and stress, help improve sleep patterns and reduce phobic fear reactions to such things as public speaking and flying.In conclusion, hypnosis is not of itself a therapy. It is a state of mind which can be induced and its use in hypnotherapy can be described as a complex psychological interaction between the hypnotherapist and their client(s) during which the hypnotherapist uses the hypnotic screed, which often includes an element of PMR, to en able the client to relax encouraging the presence of Alpha and Theta brain waves and access to the subconscious.In this state, the clients’ concentration and responsiveness to suggestions made by the hypnotherapist increases, thereby enabling them to make desired, beneficial changes to their behaviours, feelings and thoughts and thus, enhancing their lives. References: Hadley, J. & Staudacher, C. 1996, Hypnosis for Change; 3rd edn; Canada, New Harbinger publications Heap, M. , & Dryden, W. , 1991, Hypnotherapy: A Handbook, OU Press What is hypnosis? The earliest known description of hypnosis dates back more than 6000 years ago to rites performed in Egyptian sleep temples. The Indus Vedas knowledge sacred book written around 1500 BC, mentions the use of hypnotic techniques and procedures in detail yet in 2012 we still find it difficult to answer the question â€Å"what is hypnosis?†. ‘All sciences alike have descended from magic and superstition, but none have been so slow as hypnosis in shaking off the association of its origin'. (Clark Hull, Hypnosis and suggestibility, 1984). The grandfather of hypnosism is regarded to be Franz Anton Mesmer who achieved some very amazing cures. He was, however, prone to be a bit theatrical wearing long flowing robes and brandishing a wand to complete his wizard image. Treatments and cures were conducted in large arenas with many onlookers. The film Svengali, although pure fiction did a lot to discredit hypnosis for many years by portraying hypnotists as evil predators and also inspired the emerging stage hypnotists. Even today stage hypnotists continue to discredit hypnotism making it hard to be taken seriously as an emerging science. It is my view that the use of hypnotism for entertainment should be completely banned. Abuse allegations where hypnotism has been said to be a contributing factor still regularly appear in our newspapers fueling the public perception that the only safe hypnosis is that which is performed in a public arena in front of millions of people for entertainment. My introduction would not be complete without mentioning the impact of the church. As a practicing Christian I find it difficult to understand how people practicing the same faith as me could believe that hypnotism could be believed to be evil. What i find more astounding is the fact that some people, educated people still think that today. ‘Whilst hypnosis and its use in hypnotherapy seem merely to be the input by the hypnotist of ideas into the subconscious of a subject in a heightened state of suggestibility, I would contend that this art of psychic manipulation is in fact of demonic origin. Though these roots of hypnosis are now obscured by an undergrowth of scientific jargon, it remains a dangerous activity to anyone involved.' (Dr A. D. Bambridge, Nucleus, 1987) There is no exact definition of what hypnosis is, mainly because no such definition can be agreed upon by all the experts. It has been described as ‘the deliberate inducement or facilitation by one person in another person or a number of people of a trance state. A trance state is one in which a person's usual means of orientating himself in reality have faded, so that the boundaries between the external world and the inner world of thoughts, feelings, memories and imagination begin to dissolve.' (Robin Waterfield, Hidden Depths, 2004). It has also been described as ‘a state of mental relaxation and restricted awareness in which the subjects are usually engrossed in their inner experiences such as feelings and imagery, are less analytical and logical in their thinking, and have an enhanced capacity to respond to suggestions in an automatic and dissociated manner.' (Windy Dryden, Hypnotherapy, a handbook, 1991). The clearest description being ‘a state of mind brought about by the use of a set of techniques. It enhances an individual's concentration and increases their responsiveness to suggestion in order to make the beneficial changes that the individual may wish to make in their thought patterns, their behaviour or their physiological state.' (Chrysalis, 2010) ‘It is probably more useful to describe hypnosis than attempt to define it. Features of the hypnotic state include the following: Acceptance of imaginary phenomena in place of sensory experience, and detachment from the sensorium; Suspension of reality testing, suspension of everyday cognitive logic and secondary-process thinking; Narrowing of attention (a sort of mental tunnel vision) to the content of the focus of the hypnotic exercise: suggested by the therapist or created by the subject's own imagination or memory; ‘splitting' of consciousness into separate channels that communicate in only one direction (i.e. The subject's normal consciousness, attitudes, reality testing and so on continue and are aware of the content of the hypnotised self, but the latter is unaware of the former); A rather regressed or developmentally immature frame of mind (closely akin to some transference phenomena in analysis or analytic therapy); Commitment to a substitute reality described by the therapist or the patient's own imagination and memory.' (Hellmut Karle and Jennifer Boys, Hypnotherapy a practical handbook, 1987) The mind still remains unmeasurable and unquantifiable and therefore a definition of any science or therapy based on the mind will always remain something open to debate and discussion. The fact that the hypnotic experience is personal and each individual will experience something different simply complicates things further. ‘There are a number of people, academics above all, who simply do not believe in the existence of mind. They think that this a naive belief held by the rest of us, and that the phenomena attributed to our minds are best explained otherwise.' (Robin Waterfield, Hidden Depths, 2004). It seems the best that the experts can do is fairly agree as to the psychological and physiological phenomena experienced during hypnosis. Psychological phenomena often experienced during hypnosis could include hyper suggestibility (so important that it is often considered definitional of hypnosis), time distortion (when an hour may appear to pass in a minute), super learning and creativity, spontaneous age regression, hypermnesia and amnesia. (Robin Waterfield, Hidden Depths, 2004) Since the invention of the electroencephalogram in 1929 we have been able to measure the electrical activity of the brain. Scientists have determined that there are four main brain waves which vary in frequency. 1. Beta waves (15 to 40 cycles per second). These are typical of a focused and engaged mind. These are found in abundance in our modern, busy life style. 2. Alpha waves (9 to 14 cycles per second). These are typical of taking a rest after an activity. They are present during times of creativity and problem solving but not during times of fear, anger, in a deep sleep or highly aroused. 3. Theta waves (4 to 8 cycles per second). These are present during sleeping and some meditative states.. These are associated with (amongst other things) medium to deep hypnosis. These waves are associated with our subconscious mind. You may be in the theta range when daydreaming or driving a car. It is where we engage with our intuition learning and creativity. It is where we have our best ideas. You may recall having moments such as these on a car journey or in the bath. 4. Delta waves (1 to 4 cycles per second). These waves are produced at our slowest, deepest state of rest. There are never any other waves active. They are present during the deepest hypnosis and sleepless sleep. You can never reach 0 cycles per second as that is brain dead. These waves will dip and flow and at any one moment one will be predominant and the others will just be present as a trace and moving from one to another depending on the state of the individual. From what we know about the frequencies we can see that hypnosis occurs during alpha and theta waves and that these waves are associated with relaxation which we will discuss later. Although philosophers and mystics may have been reflecting on a subconscious mind for centuries our understanding of it only dates back to the time of Sigmund Freud. We know that it is responsible for the non-voluntary bodily functions that keep our bodies working from one day to the next freeing our mind up to concentrate on the things of the day. Think about all those skills we learned within the first year or two of our lives – moving limbs, making a noise, swallowing food, standing, walking etc etc. Imagine for one moment that all those skills had to be thought about each and every time we wanted to use them. Our day would be completely filled with just those things. We learn those skills and then pass them to the subconscious mind to action them, leaving our conscious mind free to learn more and develop. So hypnosis is simply about assisting someone to reach the state where the predominant brain waves are the alpha and theta waves and so access their subconscious mind. As mentioned previously these waves are associated with relaxation which has, as our life styles have become more and more busy over time, become more and more difficult to achieve on ones own. Hypnosis and relaxation are not the same. Hypnosis uses relaxation techniques to relax the body and relaxation is an indication that a person has achieved a hypnotic state. The difference is that hypnosis aims to reach a special state of consciousness where selective attention and increased suggestibility are present. Hypnosis will then use this state to effect changes in a person through beneficial suggestions A brief look at the physiology of muscles shows us that muscle units work on an all or nothing principle, meaning they are either contracting or relaxed and there are no other states. The problem is that due to the constant stress that modern living brings with it some muscles, in particular the shoulders and neck, are constantly in contraction. In 1929 Dr Edmond Jacobson discovered that most of his patients, all with unrelated problems, had tense muscles and that by relaxing these muscles he could reduce the severity of their symptoms. He also noticed that most patients were not aware of the tension they carried with them. He developed a technique called Progressive Muscle Relaxation (or PMR) which enabled the patients to relax their muscles and keep them relaxed and thereby improve their physical, mental and emotional state. Hypnosis uses an updated form of PMR to achieve the same results. We know that relaxation does not mean laying on a bed and it does not mean being asleep. We will all have experienced times when we have driven somewhere and cannot remember getting there. We certainly would not say we were asleep. Long distance runners will also experience the same phenomena and often cannot remember huge amounts of the run. As a long distance runner myself I am aware of the importance of relaxing whilst running and can bring my pulse rate back to normal within a mile or two of the start of a run. I having been practicing PMR techniques for years whilst running without knowing that it existed In conclusion then it is still difficult to answer then question of what is hypnosis with a simple definition because in the past it has been so closely associated with theatrical entertainment or rejected by the church or wrapped in superstition, falsely portrayed as evil on film and used by some to abuse people that the scientific community never took it seriously as a science until recently. The fact that a number of academics deny the existence of the mind does not help matters either. We can begin to describe it in terms of the psychological and physiological phenomena experienced during hypnosis but not much more. We know that there is nothing mystical or magical about the hypnotic state. Put simply it is assisting someone to reach the state where the predominant brain waves are the alpha and theta waves and so access their subconscious mind where selective attention and increased suggestibility are present and then use this state to effect changes in the person through beneficial suggestions. We know that to achieve this state we can make use of PMR Albert Einstein said that we only use 10% of our brain. Maybe with hypnosis we are just beginning to push at a door that will lead us into the remaining 90%. History has given us glimpses of an amazing power that we don't yet understand. People undergoing major surgery with anaesthesia, curing debilitating physical conditions, amazing accounts of healing. What is hypnosis today? What could hypnosis be tomorrow?